新冠疫情冲击下拉美国家的社会贫困和不平等:社会结构脆弱性视角  

Poverty and Inequality under the Impact of Covid-19 Pandemic:The Perspective of Vulnerability of Social Structure in Latin America

作　　者：房连泉 Fang Lianquan

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院社会发展战略研究院

出　　处：《拉丁美洲研究》2021年第5期137-153,158,共18页Journal of Latin American Studies

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重点项目“加快建立基本养老保险全国统筹制度的改革路径研究”(编号:20AGL027)的阶段性研究成果。

摘　　要：2020年新冠疫情的爆发给拉美经济社会带来巨大冲击,在贫困率大幅攀升的同时,收入不平等状况加剧,整个社会阶层收入结构向下移动。疫情造成的健康损失、经济停摆、大规模失业以及社会隔离措施的实施,使社会弱势群体遭受到更大的冲击,生活状况恶化。为应对疫情,拉美各国出台了大规模的应急性社会保护措施,包括现金和实物转移支付计划以及缴费型社会保险项目两大类,对于保障特殊时期低收入、困难群体的基本生活起到一定作用。但这场危机与拉美地区固有的经济社会不平等、财富分配不公、劳动力市场非正规化、卫生建康体系薄弱以及社会保障制度覆盖不足等因素交织在一起,进一步加深了该地区社会发展中的矛盾冲突。通过分析疫情对拉美社会贫困形势和社会阶层流动性的冲击,笔者认为危机产生的直接原因来自疫情暴发,内因则源于该地区长期积累的结构性矛盾无法有效解决,2020年疫情进一步印证了拉美社会结构固有的脆弱性。Due to the sluggish economic growth,poverty reduction in Latin America has been stagnated since 2014.The outbreak of COVID-19 in 2020 has greatly impacted the economy and social development of regional countries.While the poverty rate grew drastically,income inequality got worse,and the income structure of social class moved downward.The health losses,economic stagnation,large-scale unemployment and social isolation measures caused by the pandemic have adversely impacted the disadvantaged low-income class.In response to the pandemic,Latin American countries have introduced large-scale emergency social protection measures,including cash and in-kind transfer programs and contributory social insurance plans,both of which played an important role in protecting the basic life of low-income groups in the crisis period.However,the crisis is intertwined with the inherent economic and social inequality,unfair distribution of wealth,informal labor market,segmentation of health system and insufficient coverage of social security system,which further deepens social conflicts in Latin America.This paper argues that although this crisis is triggered by the pandemic,the dominant factor is that regional countries lack the capability of dealing with social conflicts accumulated in history,which highlighted the vulnerability of economic and social structure in Latin America.

关 键 词：新冠疫情 社会贫困 结构性不平等 脆弱性 

分 类 号：F113.9[经济管理—国际贸易] D814.1[经济管理—世界经济]