济南事件后英国的应对与中国的困境  

Britain’s Response after the Jinan Incident and China’s Dilemma

作　　者：张俊义[1] Zhang Junyi

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院近代史研究所

出　　处：《抗日战争研究》2021年第4期60-76,M0003,共18页Studies of the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大项目“抗战时期英国驻华大使馆档案文献整理与研究”(20&ZD235)的阶段性成果之一。

摘　　要：济南事件爆发后,蒋介石和南京国民政府对日采取妥协退让政策,这其中既有面对中日军事实力差距巨大的无奈,也有集中完成北伐大业暂避其锋的战略考量,同时也与国际环境不利获取外部援助艰难有关。济南事件背后隐含错综复杂的国际关系,与华盛顿会议后远东关系的演变及各国对华政策的调适息息相关。事件发生后,英国对日本的军事侵略行为采取一种表面严守中立,实则同情、容忍与偏袒的态度,并多次拒绝了南京国民政府要其出面调解中日冲突的请求。英国政府的态度,无疑与这一时期其奉行的对华、对日政策密不可分。一战结束后,由于日本在远东的崛起,英国的对华关系日益受到对日关系的束缚,为维护在华利益,英国对日长期奉行合作政策。众所周知,1931年九一八事变后英国对日实行了著名的绥靖政策,纵容了日本对华侵略,但实质上,1928年济南事件中英国的态度已有类似体现,九一八事变后的绥靖政策不过是对日合作政策的另一种表现形式。这一不利的国际环境,对蒋介石和南京国民政府对日采取妥协政策或多或少起了某种推动的作用。After the outbreak of the Jinan Incident,Chiang Kai-shek and the Nanjing Nationalist government adopted a policy of compromise to Japan. This position not only disclosed the helplessness facing the huge military strength gap between China and Japan,but also related with the strategic consideration of focusing on completing the great cause of the Northern Expedition. Meanwhile,it was also concerned with the difficulties of the unfavorable international environment to obtain external assistance. The complex international relations implied behind the Jinan Incident were closely related to the evolution of the Far East relations and the adjustments of various countries’ policies towards China after the Washington Conference. After the occurrence of the Incident,Britain took an attitude of superficially keeping neutrality but practically giving sympathy,tolerance and favoritism to Japan’s military aggression,and repeatedly refused the Nanjing Nationalist government’s requests to mediate the Sino-Japanese conflict. The British government’s position was undoubtedly inseparable from its policy towards China and Japan during this period. After the World War One,due to the rise of Japan in the Far East,the British relations with China were increasingly bound by its relations with Japan. In order to safeguard its interests in China,Britain pursued a long-term cooperation policy with Japan. As is widely known,after the September 18 th Incident in 1931,Britain implemented the famous appeasement policy to Japan,conniving at the Japanese aggression against China,but in essence,the policy had been reflected from the British attitude in the Jinan Incident in 1928. The appeasement policy after the September 18 th Incident was just another form of the cooperation policy with Japan. This unfavorable international environment had contributed more or less to Chiang Kai-shek and the Nanjing Nationalist government’s policy of compromise to Japan.

关 键 词：济南事件 北伐 联英外交 出兵山东 国民革命军 

分 类 号：K263[历史地理—历史学] K561.45[历史地理—中国史] D829.561[政治法律—政治学]