走向“超人”:“完美健康权”的期待与悖论  

Towards “Superman”:Expectations and Paradoxes of the “Right to Perfect Health”

作　　者：王蔚[1] WANG Wei

机构地区：[1]中国政法大学法学院

出　　处：《中国法律评论》2022年第1期160-171,共12页China Law Review

基　　金：北京市社科基金重点项目“宪法学研究方法的理论脉络与适用实践”(项目编号:21DTR017)阶段性成果;“中国政法大学第五批青年教师学术创新团队资助项目(项目编号:18CXTD10)”资助。

摘　　要：超人类主义作为一项较为有争论的新兴思潮,一直将健康权实现作为其发展的正当性依据之一:其拥护者认为遗传学和技术科学可以助推治疗医学转变为改良医学,直到达至个体"完美健康"。但从实践中观察,"完美健康"仅仅是一种主观的期待,忽略了技术发展可能造成的权利不平等以及由此带来的人的尊严之减损。"健康"概念本身存在的过程性、社会连带性等特征要求将集体健康或者整个人类的健康光谱拉长,从而实现人类权利的自然演进。我国的法学视野中已经出现了对诸如贺建奎案等基因技术滥用的反思,对无限制地追求"完美健康"提出质疑,呼吁对人类增强技术进行法律和伦理规制。然而,目前的法律体系还存在价值不统一、规范与适用之间不协调之处,难以真正缓和技术发展与人的基本权利之间的冲突。法律与技术的关系成为法学研究者真正的关切:既不能阻却技术发展,也不能放任技术侵蚀人的固有权利。我们需要在人类命运共同体的视角下,协调健康权的主观面向与客观面向,平衡个体利益与集体利益,从而迈向新的伦理契约。Transhumanism, as one of the more controversial emerging trends, has always taken the realization of the right to health as one of the justifications for its development: its proponents believe that genetics and technological science can contribute to the transformation of therapeutic medicine into improved medicine, leading to the “perfect health” of the individual. In practice, however, this claim is only a subjective expectation, ignoring the inequality of rights and the consequent diminution of human dignity that may result from the development of technology. The processual and socially connected nature of health itself requires that the spectrum of collective health or human health as a whole be stretched to achieve a natural evolution of human rights. In China’s jurisprudence, there are already reflections on the misuse of gene technology, such as the He Jiankui case, and a rebuttal to the unlimited pursuit of “perfect health”, calling for legal and ethical regulation of human enhancement technologies. However, the current legal system suffers from inconsistent values and inconsistencies between norms and applications, making it difficult to truly mitigate the conflict between technological development and the fundamental rights of human beings. The relationship between law and technology has become a real concern for legal researchers: neither to block technological development nor to allow technology to erode the inherent rights of human beings. We need to reconcile the subjective and objective aspects of the right to health, the individual and collective interests, in the concern for the community of human destiny, and thus move toward a new ethical contract.

关 键 词：超人类主义 完美健康权 基因编辑 人类增强 

分 类 号：D90-053[政治法律—法学理论]