“迁徙自由”传统边界的消失--以《世界人权宣言》第13条的形成为中心  

The Disappearance of Traditional Boundaries of“Freedom of Movement”--Centered on the Formation of Article 13 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights

作　　者：邢益波 Xing Yibo

机构地区：[1]北京大学历史学系

出　　处：《人权研究》2022年第1期81-101,共21页Chinese Journal of Human Rights

摘　　要：“迁徙自由”作为一种权利,自其诞生以来便有着各种限制,这些限制逐步在其适用对象、范围和程度方面形成了传统边界。然而,这些边界在《世界人权宣言》第13条的形成过程中遭到了巨大挑战。从1947年1月到1948年12月,经过各国在起草委员会、人权委员会和联合国大会第三委员会的上百次会议中的论争、博弈与妥协,迁徙自由的适用对象从对经济迁移者和罪犯施加特别限制,以及对受歧视者、少数族裔和边缘群体突出强调,转变为没有特定群体之限;其适用范围则从对出入境自由和改变国籍自由加以限制到逐步突破了此疆尔界之限;其适用程度亦从出于国家需要施加法律限制和依据国家法律行使发展到了不再囿于国家法律之限。这些国家博弈以及权利边界的突破展现出了三大特性,即动因的复杂性、权利的普适性以及不足的明显性,而这些特性也为迁徙自由作为基本权利的未来发展指明了前进的方向。Freedom of movement had various boundaries since its very beginning,whether that be in terms of the objects,the geographical scope,or the extent of its application.Such status quo faced serious challenges during the formation of Article 13 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.From January 1947 to December 1948,the Draft Committee,Commission on Human Rights and United Nations General Assembly Third Committee with representatives from different States debated,bargained and compromised the applicability of the freedom of movement in hundreds of meetings.This led to fundamental changes in the following three applicable dimensions:the applicable objects shifted from making special restrictions for economic migrants and criminals and highlighting on discriminated persons,ethnic minorities and marginalized groups to“everyone”that does not belong to any specific group;the geographical scope gradually evolved from restrictions on free entry and exit or changing nationality to breaking through the limits of national borders;the extent of its application also transformed into no longer limited by national laws.These inter-state bargains and fundamental changes exhibits three major characteristics,namely the complexity of motivation,the universality of right and the obviousness of deficiency.Meanwhile,these characteristics also indicate the direction for the development of the freedom of movement as a fundamental right in the future.

关 键 词：迁徙自由 基本权利 国家博弈 人权委员会 世界人权宣言 

分 类 号：D998.2[政治法律—国际法学]