论私益信托监察人在我国的设计与运用  

On the Design and Application of Private Trust Supervisor in China

作　　者：楼建波[1] 刘杰勇 LOU Jian-bo;LIU Jie-yong(School of Law,Peking University,Beijing 100871,China)

机构地区：[1]北京大学法学院,北京100871

出　　处：《河北法学》2022年第3期27-40,共14页Hebei Law Science

摘　　要：我国《信托法》仅规定公益信托需设置监察人,对私益信托未有提及。私益信托监察人具有维持信托生命力、提供咨询建议、监督受托人等功能,但在现行诉讼法体系下不具备起诉资格,作用受限。监察人所享有权利因两大法系对其定位差异而略有不同:大陆法系中作为受益人代表,意在维护受益人利益,享有诉讼、异议等有限权利;英美法系中作为委托人代表,旨在实现委托人意愿,享有任免受托人、更换受益人等广泛权利。私益信托监察人在我国的设计和运用应注意三点:第一,监察人应定位为"审判者",首要任务在于调解纠纷。第二,适格监察人的选任是双向选择的结果。第三,允许监察人在受益人尚不存在、尚不确定和其他为保护受益人利益或实现委托人意愿需要时以自己名义起诉受托人。此外,监察人是否承担信托责任关键在于,监察人是以受信人身份还是个人身份行使权利。Trust Law in China only stipulates that the public trust should set up the supervisor,but does not mention the private trust.The supervisor can maintain the vitality of the trust,provide advice,supervise the trustee and other functions,but under the current procedural law system,it does not have the qualification to sue,and its functions are limited.The rights enjoyed by the supervisor are slightly different due to the different positioning of the two legal systems:in the civil law system,as the representative of the beneficiary,it intends to safeguard interests of the beneficiary and enjoys limited rights such as prosecution;in the common law system,as the representative of the principal,it aims to realize the will of the principal and enjoys a wide range of rights such as appointing the trustee and changing the beneficiary.There are three points that we should pay attention to when introducing the supervisor into private trust:First,the supervisor is positioned as the“judge”,and the primary task is to mediate disputes.Second,the selection of qualified supervisors is the result of two-way selection.Third,the supervisor is allowed to sue the trustee in his own name when the beneficiary does not exist or is uncertain,or when it is necessary to protect the beneficiary’s interests or realize the client’s will.In addition,whether the supervisor bears the trust responsibility or not depends on whether the supervisor holds and exercises the rights as a fiduciary or an individual.

关 键 词：信托监察人 私益信托 监督 受托人 受益人 

分 类 号：D922.282[政治法律—经济法学]