^(15)N示踪法研究生物炭施用对水稻—土壤系统氮肥去向的影响  

Effects of Biochar Application on Fate of Nitrogen Fertilizer in Rice-Soil System by the ^(15)N Tracer Method

作　　者：陈照明 王强[1] 刘晓霞 林海忠 何杰 俞巧钢[1] 马军伟[1] CHEN Zhaoming;WANG Qiang;LIU Xiaoxia;LIN Haizhong;HE Jie;YU Qiaogang;MA Junwei(Institute of Environmental Resource, Soil and Fertilizer, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021;Zhejiang Cultivated Land Quality and Fertilizer Administration Station, Hangzhou 310020;Huangyan Agricultural Technology Extension Center, Taizhou, Zhejiang 318020)

机构地区：[1]浙江省农业科学院环境资源与土壤肥料研究所,杭州310021 [2]浙江省耕地质量与肥料管理总站,杭州310020 [3]浙江省台州市黄岩区农业技术推广中心,浙江台州318020

出　　处：《水土保持学报》2022年第2期331-336,共6页Journal of Soil and Water Conservation

基　　金：浙江省自然科学基金项目(LQ19C150005);浙江省重点研发计划项目(2019C02017,2020C02030-06,2021C02035);黄岩区农业绿色发展先行先试支持体系建设服务项目(HY202001)。

摘　　要：为探究施用水稻秸秆生物炭对水稻产量、氮肥利用率、氮肥残留及损失的影响,采用盆栽试验结合^(15)N示踪技术,分析了施用水稻秸秆生物炭对水稻生物量、氮素积累量、肥料氮去向以及氨氧化微生物的影响。研究共设置5个处理:不施氮肥(N0)、单施化肥(CF)、施化肥配施0.5%生物炭(BC1)、施化肥配施1%生物炭(BC2)和施化肥配施2%生物炭(BC3)。结果表明:与CF处理相比,BC2和BC3处理均显著提高水稻产量,增产率分别为19.3%和22.0%。施用生物炭显著增加水稻氮素积累量和表观利用率。施用生物炭的水稻籽粒肥料氮积累和总肥料氮积累量较CF处理分别提高18.6%~23.4%和18.5%~26.5%。然而,施用生物炭处理与CF处理之间的籽粒土壤氮吸收量没有显著差异。BC1、BC2和BC3处理的氮肥利用率分别为30.4%,28.5%和29.3%,均显著高于CF处理(24.1%)。施用生物炭有利于肥料氮在土壤中的残留,从而减少损失。因此,施用生物炭的肥料氮损失率(25.7%~27.5%)显著低于单施化肥处理(38.4%)。与CF处理相比,高量施用生物炭(BC3)显著降低氨氧化细菌的amoA基因拷贝数,但施用生物炭对氨氧化古菌丰度没有显著影响。综上表明,施用水稻秸秆生物炭是提高水稻产量和氮肥利用率,同时还是有效减少氮素损失的一种有效措施。This study aimed to investigate the effects of rice straw-derived biochar application on rice grain yield,nitrogen use efficiency(NUE),and fate of fertilizer N.A pot experiment was conducted to assess the effects of rice straw-derived biochar application on rice biomass,N accumulation,as well as fate of urea—N using ^(15)N tracing method and ammonia oxidizers.Five treatments were included:no N application(N0),chemical fertilizer application only(CF),CF+0.5%biochar(BC1),CF+1%biochar(BC2),and CF+2%biochar(BC3).The results showed that BC2 and BC3 treatments significantly increased rice grain yield by 19.3%and 22.0%,compared to CF treatment,respectively.Application of biochar significantly enhanced the N accumulation of rice and N apparent use efficiency compared to CF treatment.The fertilizer N uptake by grain and rice plant was 18.6%~23.4%and 18.5%~26.5%greater in biochar application than in CF treatment,respectively.While,no significant difference was observed in the soil N uptake by grain between BC treatments(BC1,BC2,and BC3)and CF treatment.The ^(15)N use efficiency was 30.4%,28.5%,and 29.3%in the BC1,BC2,and BC3 treatments,respectively,which were all significantly higher than that in CF treatment(24.1%).Application of straw-derived biochar increased the fertilizer N residual in soil and reduced the N loss,compared to CF treatment.Thus,the ratio of fertilizer N loss was greatly lower in BC treatment(25.7%~27.5%)than in CF treatment(38.4%).Higher application of biochar(BC3)significantly decreased the AOB amoA gene copies,compared to CF treatment.While,no significant difference was found in AOA abundance between the BC and CF treatments.Overall,application of rice straw-derived biochar is an effective practice to increase rice yield and NUE,and reduce the N loss in the rice production.

关 键 词：生物炭 水稻 氮肥利用率 氮肥去向 

分 类 号：S158.3[农业科学—土壤学]