从“以事象为中心”的田野作业到网络民族志——当代神话研究方法探索30年  

From “Item-centered” Fieldwork to Internet Ethnography: A Journey of Exploring the Research Methods on Contemporary Mythology in 30 Years

作　　者：杨利慧[1] YANG Lihui

机构地区：[1]北京师范大学文学院,北京100875

出　　处：《民俗研究》2022年第2期5-13,158,共10页Folklore Studies

基　　金：国家社科基金重大招标项目“中国神话资源的创造性转化与当代神话学的体系建构”(项目编号:18ZDA268);国家社科基金一般项目“遗产旅游与中国神话资源的创造性转化研究”(项目编号:18BZW177)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：田野作业的模式并非固定不变。即使在一个学者的治学生涯中,其模式也会不断发生变化,而选择的关键在于意图解决的问题以及研究的视角。"以事象为中心"的田野作业,注重对特定民俗事象的历史、结构、一般性实践过程及其生存现状的考察。民族志式田野作业方法更注重民俗事象所生存的语境,特别是情境以及实践者的主位视角。对大众文化产业和信息技术影响下的神话主义进行田野研究时,民族志式田野作业依然是根本性方法。但由于研究对象具有流动性、虚拟性等新特点,这一方法的使用也显示出其特别之处,尤其在研究电子媒介时,更体现出网络民族志的特殊性。此外,"以事象为中心"的田野作业方法及其所体现的"文本中心观"依然具有一定的合理性。相关研究促使中国神话学内部日益呈现出明晰的"朝向当下"的取向。Taking the author’s 30-year process of exploring research methods on contemporary mythology as an example, this paper illuminates that the modes of fieldwork are not fixed;rather, they keep changing even in a certain folklorist’s career, and the key to decide the mode lies in the questions the author intends to answer and the theoretical perspective he/she adopts. The “item-centered” fieldwork focuses on the investigation of the history, structure, general practice process and the current existence condition of a specific folklore item, but not the situation and emic perspectives. Ethnographic fieldwork pays more attention to the context in which folklore item exists, especially the situation, and the emic perspectives of the practitioners. Folklore item, situation, and the interaction between the subjects are the “three key elements” of such fieldwork. Ethnographic fieldwork is still fundamental for studying the mythologism shaped by the cultural industry and electronic technology. However, due to the mobility and virtuality of the research object, it shows some special aspects, especially when being used to study the electronic media. The item-centered fieldwork and its “text-centered” perspective are still reasonable to some degree. Relevant research has prompted a clear present-facing orientation among Chinese mythology scholarship.

关 键 词：当代神话 田野作业 以事象为中心 民族志式田野作业 网络民族志 

分 类 号：B932[哲学宗教—宗教学]