正当防卫的不法侵害:从行为危险到人身危险  

Wrongful Infringement in Self-Defense:From Behavioral Danger to Personal Danger

作　　者：高艳东[1] Gao Yandong(Guanghua Law School,Zhejiang University,Hangzhou,Zhejiang 310008,China)

机构地区：[1]浙江大学光华法学院

出　　处：《四川师范大学学报（社会科学版）》2022年第2期59-71,共13页Journal of Sichuan Normal University(Social Sciences Edition)

基　　金：国家社科基金重大项目“网络时代的社会治理与刑法体系的理论创新”(20&ZD199);中国法学会法治研究基地浙江大学公法研究中心“法治理论的地方实践”(21&FXH19)的研究成果。

摘　　要：近几年中国发生的正当防卫案件,已经改变了不法侵害的内涵。通说用具体行为界定不法侵害,没有注意到防卫人首先面对的是危险的人,大大限制了公民的防卫权。扩大防卫权的财物挽回说、一体化防卫行为说等观点,均没有突破行为说的限制,很难解释我国正当防卫兼具个人自卫权和秩序维护权的双重属性。判断不法侵害应当以已然行为为基础,兼顾未然行为即人身危险性。将人身危险性引入不法侵害,可以合理拉长防卫时间,适度提高防卫限度。如果将人身危险性限制为初犯可能性与再犯可能性,既可以扩大防卫权限,又可以防止人身危险性的滥用,更不会引发秩序失控。Legitimate defense cases in China in recent years have changed the connotation of unlawful infringement.It is generally believed that unlawful infringement is defined by specific acts,which fails to notice that the defenders are the first to face dangerous people,which greatly limits the right of citizens to defend.The viewpoints of property recovery theory and integrated defense behavior theory that expand the right of defense have not broken through the limitations of the behavior theory,and thus can hardly explain legitimate defense’s dual attributes of the right to self-defense and the right to maintain order in China.Judgment of unlawful infringement should be based on the existing behavior,taking into account the personal danger of the unforeseen behavior.Introducing personal danger into unlawful infringement can reasonably lengthen the defense time and moderately expand the defense limit.If the personal danger is limited to the possibility of both the first and the second offense,it can not only expand the defense authority,but also prevent the abuse of personal danger,with no possibility of causing the order out of control.

关 键 词：正当防卫 人身危险性 事后防卫 再犯可能性 秩序维护权 

分 类 号：D924.1[政治法律—刑法学]