某汽车制造企业噪声致听力损失的职业卫生调查及风险评估  

Occupational health investigation and risk assessment of noise-induced hearing loss in an automobile manufacturing enterprise

作　　者：马炜钰[1] 谭夏优[1] 何易楠 袁豪乾 杜伟佳[1] 刘移民[1] MA Wei-yu;TAN Xia-you;HE Yi-nan;YUAN Hao-qian;DU Wei-jia;LIU Yi-min(Guangzhou Occupational Disease Prevention and Treatment Hospital,Guangzhou,Guangdong 510620,China)

机构地区：[1]广州市职业病防治院评价检测中心,广东广州510620

出　　处：《中国卫生工程学》2022年第1期14-18,共5页Chinese Journal of Public Health Engineering

摘　　要：目的掌握汽车制造企业人群的噪声性听力损失(NIHL)的现况,评估使用ISO 1999:2013(E)模型预测发生NIHL的效果。方法采用横断面调查方法,以某汽车制造企业接触噪声全体工人为研究对象,对其进行噪声接触水平和纯音听阈测试,采用ISO 1999:2013(E)方法对NIHL进行定量风险评价。结果该汽车制造企业噪声暴露范围在69.3~96.3 dB(A)之间,总超标率为27.44%;噪声作业工人的纯音听阈测试异常率为17.29%,高频NIHL检出率为16.62%;不同工种之间各听力异常检出率比较,差异均有统计学意义(χ^(2)值分别为396.03,24.65,23.59和51.59,均P<0.01);不同工龄之间噪声作业工人高频NIHL的检出率比较,差异均有统计学意义(χ^(2)值分别为51.31,29.90和18.39,均P<0.05)。各工种接触噪声30年,高频NIHL的风险开始明显升高,但模型的预测值比该企业噪声作业工人发生高频NIHL的检出率低。结论该汽车制造企业的工作场所噪声超标率较高,噪声作业工人存在潜在高频NIHL和噪声聋的风险。ISO 1999:2013(E)风险评估模型存在一定局限性,需进一步根据我国人群特征提高模型精确度。Objective This paper aims to investigate the current situation of noise induced hearing loss(NIHL)in automobile manufacturing enterprises and study on the prediction effect using ISO 1999:2013(E)model.Methods Using the method of cross-sectional survey,all the workers exposed to noise in an automobile manufacturing enterprise were taken as the research object.The noise exposure level and pure tone hearing threshold were tested,and the quantitative risk assessment of NIHL was carried out with the method of ISO 1999:2013(E).Results The noise exposure range of automobile manufacturing enterprises was between 69.3 dB(A)and 96.3 dB(A).The total exceedance rate was 27.44%.The abnormal rate of pure tone threshold test for workers exposed to noise was 17.29%.The high-frequency NIHL detection rate of the study subjects was 16.62%.There were statistically significant differences in the number of hearing abnormalities between different working types(χ;=396.03,24.65,23.59,51.59,P<0.01)and different working ages(χ;=51.31,29.90,18.39,P<0.05).After 30 years of exposure to noise,the risk of high-frequencyNIHL began to increase significantly,but the predicted value of the model was lower than the detection rate of high-frequency NIHL among workers exposed to noise in this enterprise.Conclusion In this study,the workplace noise exceedance rate of automobile manufacturing enterprisesw is high,noise workers had potential risk of high frequency NIHL and noise-induced feadness.The ISO 1999:2013(E)risk assessment model has some limitations,so it is necessary to further improve the accuracy of the model according to the characteristics of our population.

关 键 词：汽车制造 职业健康 听力损失 风险评估 

分 类 号：R135[医药卫生—劳动卫生]