行政行为瑕疵的补救  

Remedy on Flaws in Administrative Act

作　　者：梁君瑜 Liang Junyu

机构地区：[1]武汉大学法学院

出　　处：《法学》2022年第3期55-66,共12页Law Science

基　　金：国家社科基金青年项目“行政程序瑕疵的类型化及其司法审查研究”(18CFX019)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：行政法上关于“瑕疵”的理解存在狭义与广义之分。能被补救的行政行为瑕疵,限于“行政上微小的缺点”,且仅限于行政行为在实施程序方面的瑕疵(即程序瑕疵),及在事实与证据方面、规范依据方面的瑕疵(属实体瑕疵)。面向程序瑕疵与实体瑕疵的补救机制,分别为补正制度与理由之替换,二者均产生治愈行政行为违法性的效果。但行为意义上的替换理由不等于结果意义上的理由之替换:前者仅在一定范围内才产生治愈违法性的效果。在我国,补正行政行为程序瑕疵的时点被限于提起行政诉讼前,一旦进入诉讼阶段,补正的效果将被推翻。事实与证据、规范依据都属于可以为行政行为合法性提供支持的“理由”,适用理由之替换将面临三项限制:用作替换的证据必须在行政行为作出时就已被收集;不得因替换证据而架空法定的陈述意见程序或听证程序;不得因替换证据或规范依据而改变行政行为的同一性。The understanding of“defect”exists in a narrow sense and a broad sense.The defects of administrative actions that can be remedied are limited to“administrative minor deficiencies”,and are limited to procedural defects which are defects in the implementation procedures,as well as substantive defects which contain defects in the facts,evidence and legal basis.The remedial mechanisms for procedural defects and substantive defects are the correction system and the replacement of reasons respectively,both of which have the effect of curing the illegality of administrative action.However,replacing reasons in the behavior sense is not equal to the replacement of reasons in the result sense:the former only produces the effect of curing illegality within a certain range.In China,correcting procedural defects of administrative actions is limited to the time before the administrative litigation is filed.Once entering the administrative litigation,the effect of the correction will be overturned.Facts,evidence and legal basis are all“reasons”that can support the legitimacy of administrative actions.There are three restrictions when applying the replacement of reasons,that is,the evidence for the replacement must have been collected when the administrative action is made,the statutory stating opinions procedure or hearing procedure must not be evaded because of replacing evidence,and the identity of administrative action must not be changed because of replacing evidence or legal basis.

关 键 词：程序瑕疵 实体瑕疵 补正制度 理由之替换 行政行为同一性 

分 类 号：D922.1[政治法律—宪法学与行政法学] D925.3[政治法律—法学]