城市污水生物脱氮技术变革:厌氧氨氧化的研究与实践新进展  

Technical revolution of biological nitrogen removal from municipal wastewater:Recent advances in Anammox research and application

作　　者：杜睿 彭永臻[1,2] DU Rui;PENG YongZhen(National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology,Beijing 100124,China;Department of Environment and Life Sciences,Beijing University of Technology,Beijing 100124,China)

机构地区：[1]城镇污水深度处理与资源化利用技术国家工程实验室,北京100124 [2]北京工业大学环境与生命学部,北京100124

出　　处：《中国科学：技术科学》2022年第3期389-402,共14页Scientia Sinica(Technologica)

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(批准号:22006003);北京市自然科学基金(编号:8204056)资助项目。

摘　　要：氮、磷营养素过度排放诱发的水体富营养化是当前全球性水污染问题,污水脱氮除磷势在必行.传统硝化/反硝化是最主要技术手段,而随着世界各国污水排放标准愈加严格,传统脱氮工艺效率不足、能耗巨大及其带来的二次污染问题日益凸显,经济、高效与可持续的处理技术已成为污水处理领域的迫切需求.20世纪90年代发现的厌氧氨氧化(anaerobic ammonium oxidation,Anammox)工艺无需曝气与有机碳源,是目前最经济高效的污水脱氮技术.然而,该工艺至今未在城市污水处理中实现规模化应用,其长期面临的瓶颈问题为反应基质亚硝态氮(NO_(2)^(−))难以稳定获取.短程反硝化(partial denitrification,PD)为破解上述难题提供了全新思路.我国学者在短程反硝化过程的发现、工艺研发与微生物学机理等方面率先开展探究与实践.基于短程反硝化与厌氧氨氧化协同耦合的新技术,为城市污水低碳高效脱氮开辟了新途径,已成为本领域研究热点和前沿.将城市污水与含硝态氮(NO_(3)^(−))废水同步处理时,该技术与传统硝化/反硝化相比,节省100%曝气能耗和80%有机碳源,大大减少剩余污泥产量与温室气体(CO_(2),N_(2)O)排放;基于短程反硝化的Anammox工艺受基质浓度、温度等环境因素影响小,且突破了Anammox理论脱氮效率上限(89%),理论上可达到100%,在实际工程中具有重要的研究意义与应用价值.The eutrophication of a body of water is a globally serious water-polluting problem caused by the excess discharge of nutrients.Nitrogen and phosphorus removal from wastewater is extremely necessary.The biological method is the major technology used for nitrogen removal.With the increasingly strict discharging standard worldwide,the problems of insufficient efficiency,considerable energy consumption,and secondary pollution involved in the traditional nitrogen removal process have become increasingly apparent,resulting in an urgent need for an economic,efficient,and sustainable technology.The widely investigated anaerobic ammonium oxidation(Anammox)process discovered in the 1990s is regarded as the most energy-efficient technology for nitrogen removal without aeration and organic carbon demand.However,it has not been widely adopted because for a long time now,it has faced bottlenecks in stable substrate nitrite(NO_(2)^(−))acquisition.Recent studies have demonstrated that the NO_(2)^(−)-produced partial denitrification(PD)process provides a completely novel concept for solving this problem.China takes the lead in the investigation and practice of the discovery,development,and microbial mechanism of this process.A novel technology combining PD and Anammox is opening a new window for the low-carbon and high-efficiency treatment of municipal wastewater,which has been regarded as a hot and cutting-edge topic in this field.Compared with the conventional nitrification/denitrification process,it could save aeration energy by 100%and organic carbon source by 80%and reduce the sludge production and greenhouse gas(CO_(2),N_(2)O)emission in the simultaneous treatment of municipal wastewater and nitrate(NO_(3)^(−))contained in wastewater.In comparison with the present Anammox process,it is little affected by the substrate concentrate,temperature,and other environmental factors,could break the top limit of nitrogen removal efficiency by Anammox(89%),and reach up to 100%of the total nitrogen removal efficiency,thereby exhi

关 键 词：城市污水处理 生物脱氮 富营养化 厌氧氨氧化 短程反硝化 短程硝化 

分 类 号：X703[环境科学与工程—环境工程]