私有化的镜鉴:哈萨克斯坦土地制度改革的波折、困顿与前景  

The Lesson and Revelation of Privatization:The Twists and Turns,Difficulties and Prospects of Land System Reform in Kazakhstan

作　　者：陈明[1] CHEN Ming

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院政治学研究所,北京100732

出　　处：《世界农业》2022年第4期14-25,共12页World Agriculture

基　　金：国家社会科学基金项目“专业农户崛起与典型农区乡村治理现代化研究”(19CZZ030)。

摘　　要：随着中国-哈萨克斯坦农业合作走向深入,一些深层次问题逐步显露,其中土地问题仍是影响中哈农业合作的关键。哈萨克斯坦独立后,其土地制度改革经历了农场私有化、农地股份化、农地私有化和再私有化四个阶段。综观哈萨克斯坦近30年的土地制度改革,短期看同时损失了效率与公平,长期看效率、公平与稳定都有破坏之虞。问题的根源在于,如果没有一套平衡性的制度安排和国家治理的现代化,产权制度的单兵突进并不必然带来土地资源配置效率的提升,改革公正性的缺失反而有可能将土地问题引入困局。对此,中哈农业合作宜优选技术与人才合作,避免直接的土地经营或从事“开发性进口”,以防有人将矛头指向中国“租地扩张”并借此影响中哈关系正常发展。With the deepening of China-Kazakhstan agricultural cooperation, some deep-seated problems have gradually emerged, among which the land issue is still the key affecting China-Kazakhstan agricultural cooperation.After independence, Kazakhstan’s land system reform went through four stages: farm privatization, demutualization, privatization and reprivatization.A comprehensive review of Kazakhstan’s land system reform in the past three decades shows that in the short term, both efficiency and fairness have been lost, and in the long term, efficiency, fairness and stability have been threatened.The root cause of the problem is that without a balanced system arrangement and the modernization of national governance, the single advance of property right system will not necessarily lead to the improvement of the efficiency of land resource allocation, but the lack of reform justice may lead the land problem into a dilemma.In view of this, China-Kazakhstan agricultural cooperation should prioritize technology and human resources cooperation, avoid direct land management or “development import”,target China’s “land lease expansion”,and thereby affect normal development of China-Kazakhstan relations.

关 键 词：哈萨克斯坦 土地制度 “一带一路” 转轨国家 

分 类 号：F125[经济管理—世界经济] F301.2[政治法律—法学] D936.1DD912.3