晋南地区小麦-玉米轮作体系维持作物高产和土壤磷素水平的适宜施磷量研究  

Optimum phosphorus application rate for maintaining high yield and soil phosphorus fertility under winter wheat-summer maize rotation in Shanxi Province

作　　者：杨梦棣 赵萍萍 于志勇 李林燕 王宏庭 崔宝玉 贾俊芳 YANG Meng-di;ZHAO Ping-ping;YU Zhi-yong;Li Lin-yan;WANG Hong-ting;CUI Bao-yu;JIA Jun-fang(College of Biological Engineering,Shanxi University,Taiyuan,Shanxi 030006,China;College of Resources and Environment,Shanxi Agricultural University(Institute of Agricultural Environment and Resources,Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences),Taiyuan,Shanxi 030031,China;Xiangfen Farm of Crop Stock Seed,Xiangfen,Shanxi 041500,China)

机构地区：[1]山西大学生物工程学院,山西太原030006 [2]山西农业大学资源环境学院(山西省农业科学院农业环境与资源研究所),山西太原030031 [3]襄汾县农作物原种场,山西襄汾041500

出　　处：《植物营养与肥料学报》2022年第3期440-449,共10页Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers

基　　金：国家重点研发计划项目(2016YFD0200101)。

摘　　要：【目的】研究维持农作物高产、稳产及土壤磷素肥力的磷肥适宜用量,对于保障国家粮食安全和生态安全具有重要意义。【方法】2016—2019年在晋南地区进行磷肥用量田间定位试验,在每个冬小麦-夏玉米轮作周期施N 400 kg/hm^(2)、K_(2)O 180 kg/hm^(2)的基础上,设置了6个P_(2)O_(5)施用水平处理:0、120、180、240、300、360 kg/hm^(2),氮、磷、钾肥施用量小麦和玉米各占50%,每季作物45%的氮肥和全部磷、钾肥播前一次性底施,55%的氮肥在小麦拔节期和玉米10叶期进行追施。连续3年收获期测产,并测定土壤有效磷含量。【结果】不施磷处理(P0)冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系的产量、效益均最低,土壤有效磷含量逐年下降;施磷显著提高了轮作体系的吸磷量、产量及净收益,3年平均增产23.9%,增收20.4%。冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系的吸磷量、产量、净收益和施磷量之间的关系均可以用直线平台模型拟合,以该模型计算的冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系的适宜施磷量为193 kg/hm^(2),适宜施磷量下的磷肥偏生产力、磷肥农学效率和磷肥利用率分别为115.9 kg/kg、21.9 kg/kg和25.1%。P120和P180处理的土壤有效磷含量呈耗竭状态,土壤有效磷含量年均下降3.0和1.3 mg/kg;P240、P300和P360处理的土壤有效磷含量呈增加状态,土壤有效磷含量年均上升1.5、4.0和4.2 mg/kg,但P300和P360处理间的有效磷含量3年均无显著差异。施磷量和土壤有效磷含量呈显著直线相关,2017、2018和2019年土壤有效磷达到基础土壤水平(Olsen-P 18.5 mg/kg)的施磷量分别为P_(2)O_(5)192、194和197 kg/hm^(2)。【结论】在山西省南部冬小麦-夏玉米轮作区,综合保障作物高产稳产,实现较高磷肥效率和维持土壤初始磷素肥力的年最佳磷肥用量为P_(2)O_(5)193 kg/hm^(2)。【Objectives】The goal of determining the optimal phosphorus fertilizer application rate was to ensure a high and consistent crop output while maintaining long-term soil phosphorus fertility.【Methods】From 2016 to 2019,a field experiment with winter wheat-summer maize rotation system was conducted in the south of Shanxi Province.P_(2)O_(5)at 0,120,180,240,300,and 360 kg/hm^(2)per year were the tested P fertilizer application rates.The P fertilizer was evenly divided into two portions in wheat and maize seasons.At harvest,crop P uptake,yield,and soil available P content were measured.【Results】P absorption,yield,crop profit,and soil available P content were low when no P was applied(P0).Soil available P content decreased from 18.5 mg/kg in 2016 to 4.0 mg/kg in 2019,with an annual loss of 4.8 mg/kg.From 2017 to 2019,the P application increased yield by 23.9%and profit by 20.4%on average compared to P0.The linear plateau model fit the relationships between P uptake,yield,profit,and phosphorus application rate.The determined optimum P_(2)O_(5)rate was 193 kg/hm^(2),with partial factor productivity,agronomic efficiency,and phosphorus fertilizer utilization efficiency of 115.9 kg/kg,21.9 kg/kg,and 25.1%,respectively.Distinct rates of P treatment resulted in different variations in soil available P content.On average,the P120 and P180 treatments reduced soil available P by 3.0 mg/kg and 1.3 mg/kg,respectively,whereas the P240,P300,and P360 treatments increased by 1.5 mg/kg,4.0 mg/kg,and 4.2 mg/kg,respectively.The P_(2)O_(5)rate that maintained the initial soil P level(Olsen-P 18.5 mg/kg)was P_(2)O_(5)at 192 kg/hm^(2),194 kg/hm^(2),and 197 kg/hm^(2)based on regression of P application rate and soil available P content.【Conclusions】Under the winter wheat and summer maize rotation system in southern Shanxi Province,the optimum yearly P_(2)O_(5)rate for high crop production and profit,relatively high fertilizer efficiency,and preserving initial soil available P content is 193 kg/hm^(2).

关 键 词：冬小麦–夏玉米轮作 最佳施磷量 产量 净收益 磷肥效率 土壤有效磷 

分 类 号：S513[农业科学—作物学] S512.1