播期与施氮量对花生干物质、产量及氮素吸收利用的影响  

Effects of sowing date and nitrogen application rate on dry matter accumulation,yield,N uptake and utilization by peanut

作　　者：王建国[1,2] 唐朝辉 张佳蕾[1,2] 高华鑫 尹金[1] 李新国 万书波 郭峰 WANG Jian-guo;TANG Zhao-hui;ZHANG Jia-lei;GAO Hua-xin;YIN Jin;LI Xin-guo;WAN Shu-bo;GUO Feng(Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources,Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Jinan,Shandong 250100,China;Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and Ecological Physiology of Shandong Provinces,Jinan,Shandong 250100,China;Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Crop Cultivation in East China,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,Dongying,Shandong 257000,China)

机构地区：[1]山东省农业科学院农作物种质资源研究所,山东济南250100 [2]山东省作物遗传改良与生态生理重点实验室,山东济南250100 [3]农业农村部华东地区作物栽培科学观测实验站,山东东营257000

出　　处：《植物营养与肥料学报》2022年第3期507-520,共14页Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers

基　　金：国家重点研发计划项目(2018YFD1000902);山东省自然科学基金面上项目(ZR2020MC094);山东省农业科学院农业科技创新工程(CXGC2018E13)资助。

摘　　要：【目的】在大田条件下,研究播期与施氮量对不同类型花生产量、干物质积累、氮素吸收及利用的影响,为花生高产和养分资源高效利用提供技术支撑。【方法】选择普通型大花生品种‘花育22号’和高油酸花生品种‘冀花16号’为材料,设3个施氮水平:0、120、240 kg/hm^(2)(分别表示为N0、N120、N240);4个播期:4月30日、5月10日、5月20日和5月30日(分别表示为SD1、SD2、SD3、SD4)。于花生苗期、花针期、结荚期、饱果期和成熟期分别测定植株干物质量和叶绿素含量,在成熟期测定不同器官氮含量和籽仁品质。【结果】1)播期和施氮显著影响花生产量性状和产量。两品种单株结果数、百果重和荚果产量随播期推迟而降低,SD1产量比SD2、SD3和SD4分别提高5.5%~7.3%、12.8%~20.2%和30.7%~44.9%。施氮显著增加两品种单株结果数和百果重,分别提高15.9%~33.3%和5.9%~7.1%。‘花育22号’产量随施氮量的增加先升后降,N120产量最高,较N240提高6.1%;‘冀花16号’产量随施氮量的增加而增加,但两施氮处理间差异未达显著水平。2)随着播期推迟,两品种籽仁粗脂肪含量逐渐降低;施氮提高了籽仁中粗蛋白质和脂肪含量。3)早播花生生育前期干物质积累速率慢,后期积累快,且向荚果转运得多。晚播花生生长特性与早播相反。成熟期干物质积累量表现为SD1>SD2>SD3>SD4。施氮可显著提高叶片SPAD值和促进各生育期植株干物质积累,提高干物质向荚果的分配比例(6.9%~8.7%),降低根、茎、叶干物质分配比例。4)适当早播和施氮均可促进植株对氮素吸收,根、茎、叶和荚果中氮含量显著增加。早播花生植株氮素积累量显著高于晚播处理,且荚果中氮素分配比例高。各器官氮素积累和荚果氮素分配比例基本随施氮量的增加而增加,但荚果氮素分配比例在N120和N240处理间差异不显著。5)两品种氮肥农学效率和氮肥偏生产�【Objectives】This study examines the effects of sowing date and N application rate on yield,dry matter accumulation,N absorption and utilization by two peanut cultivars under field conditions.The aim was to provide technical support for peanut’s high yield and efficient resource utilization.【Methods】The common large peanut cultivar,Huayu 22,and the high oleic acid peanut cultivar Jihua 16,were used as the research materials in a field experiment.There were four sowing dates set:April 30(SD1),May 10(SD2),May 20(SD3),and May 30(SD4),with three N application rates of 0,120,and 240 kg/hm^(2)(N0,N120,and N240).The plant’s dry matter accumulation and chlorophyll content were analyzed at the seedling,flower needle,pod setting,full fruit,and maturity stages.Further,the N content in different organs,and kernel quality were analyzed at the maturity stage.【Results】1)Sowing date and N application rate significantly(P<0.05)affected the yield and yield composition of peanuts.The pod number per plant and 100-pods weight decreased gradually with the delay of the sowing date.Compared with SD2,SD3,and SD4,the pod yield of SD1 increased by 5.5%-7.3%,12.8%-20.2%,and 30.7%-44.9%,respectively.Nitrogen application(P<0.05)increased the pod number per plant by 15.9%~33.3%and 100-pods weight by 5.9%-7.1%.The yield of Huayu 22 increased first and then decreased with the increasing of N application rate.The highest yield was recorded under N120,which was 6.1%higher than N240,but the yield of Jihua 16 increased with the increasing of N application rate.2)By delaying the sowing date,the crude fat content of Huayu 22 and Jihua 16 decreased gradually,while N application increased the crude protein and fat content of peanut kernel.3)The dry matter accumulation of early sowing peanuts was slower at the early growth stage and accelerated later with an increased pod rate.The growth characteristics of late sowing peanuts opposed that of early sowing.The dry matter accumulation of different sowing dates at maturity was SD1>SD2>SD3>SD4.

关 键 词：花生 播期 氮 干物质积累 产量 氮素吸收 

分 类 号：S565.2[农业科学—作物学]