我国比较优势的演变特点、影响因素与发展趋势  

The Evolution Characteristics,Influencing Factors and Development Trend of China’s Comparative Advantage

作　　者：李嘉琪 Li Jiaqi

机构地区：[1]中国国际金融股份有限公司

出　　处：《全球化》2022年第2期112-124,135,共14页Globalization

摘　　要：1992年以来,我国比较优势发生了重大结构性变化,资源密集型产品由比较优势转变为比较劣势;劳动密集型产品比较优势先降后升,始终显著;资本密集型产品比较优势指数波动上升,但一直处于比较劣势状态;技术密集型产品从比较劣势转变为日渐显著的比较优势;综合比较优势以2004年为界呈U型演变特征。引致比较优势重大转变的主要因素是劳动生产率提高、自主创新能力增强和技术领先程度提高等技术进步,资源禀赋、劳动力资源、规模经济、原材料成本和人民币名义有效汇率等因素也发挥了重要作用。根据主要影响因素的内在发展趋势,未来劳动密集型产品的比较优势趋于下降,资本和技术密集型产品的比较优势趋于上升,综合比较优势将呈平稳发展态势。巩固提升我国比较优势,需要以增强自主创新能力为重点综合施策,提升技术进步的支撑作用,弱化资源禀赋不足、劳动力供给规模下降、原材料成本上涨和有效汇率升值的不利影响。Since 1992,China’s comparative advantage has undergone major structural changes,and resource-intensive products have changed from comparative advantage to comparative disadvantage;the comparative advantage of labor-intensive products first falls and then rises,which is always significant;the comparative advantage index of capital-intensive products has fluctuated upwards,but it has been in a state of comparative disadvantage;Technology-intensive products have changed from a comparative disadvantage to an increasingly significant comparative advantage;the comprehensive comparative advantage shows a U-shaped evolution with 2004 as the boundary.The main factors leading to the major shift in comparative advantage are technological advances such as increased labor productivity,enhanced independent innovation capabilities,and increased technological leadership,and factors such as resource endowment,labor resources,and economies of scale,raw material costs,and the nominal effective exchange rate of RMB have also played an important role.According to the internal development trend of the main influencing factors,the comparative advantage of labor-intensive products will tend to decline in the future,the comparative advantage of capital-and technology-intensive products will tend to rise,and the comprehensive comparative advantage will show a steady development trend.To consolidate and enhance my country’s comparative advantages,it is necessary to take comprehensive measures focusing on enhancing independent innovation capabilities,enhance the supporting role of technological progress,and weaken the adverse effects of insufficient resource endowments,declining labor supply,rising raw material costs,and effective exchange rate appreciation.

关 键 词：比较优势 资源密集型产品 劳动密集型产品 资本密集型产品 技术密集型产品 

分 类 号：F42[经济管理—产业经济]