明代勘合的概念与形态述略  

The concept and form of Kanhe in the Ming dynasty

作　　者：陈鑫 胡铁球[1] CHEN Xin;HU Tieqiu(College of Humanities,Zhejiang Normal University,Jinhua 321004,China;School of Marxism,Ningbo Tech University,Ningbo 315100,China)

机构地区：[1]浙江师范大学人文学院,浙江金华321004 [2]浙大宁波理工学院马克思主义学院,浙江宁波315100

出　　处：《浙江师范大学学报（社会科学版）》2022年第2期57-66,共10页Journal of Zhejiang Normal University(Social Sciences)

摘　　要：勘合主要有两种词性、三种概念。作动词,表示进行勘察、对合、验证;作名词,表示一种符、契、券、票单、底簿以及道教用的符咒等。为防止欺弊,加强君主专制,明政府在国务运转中广泛采用勘合制度。勘合是指由数道勘合纸(勘合票单)和多扇勘合底簿(号簿)组成的,通过能组成一个整体的两半印和两半字号进行勘察、对合、验证以防止欺弊的特殊底簿、票单、信符以及防伪技术和制度体系。其基本要素有半印、半字号、勘合纸、勘合底簿和勘合环节,五者缺一不可。其存在形态可分为基本形态和延伸形态。基本形态是指以“勘合”之名出现的底簿、票单、信符等,又分“纸质”和“金属质”两种;延伸形态是指无勘合之名但含有勘合技术的底簿、票单等。Kanhe has mainly two parts of speech and three kinds of concepts.As a verb,it means to conduct a survey,to conjugate,and to verify;as a noun,it is a kind of Fu,Qi,Quan,ticket,or Taoist spell.To prevent fraud and strengthen the autocratic monarchy,the Ming government extensively adopted Kanhe system in the operation of state affairs.The Kanhe ticket is composed of several Kanhe tickets and multiple Kanhe books(number books).It is surveyed,conjugated,and verified through the two-half seals and two-half character-numbers that can form a whole to prevent fraud.It is a special anti-counterfeiting technology and institutional system.It includes five basic indispensable elements:half seal,half character-number,Kanhe paper,Kanhe bottom book,and the procedure of Kanhe.Its existence forms include basic form and extended form.The basic form refers to the bottom book,ticket,Xinfu,and so on,which appear under the name of “Kanhe”,including two types:“paper” and “metal”.The extended form refers to the bottom book and ticket,etc.without the name of Kanhe but with the technology of Kanhe.

关 键 词：勘合 底簿 票单 信符 形态 

分 类 号：K248[历史地理—历史学]