河套灌区控制排水对油葵生长与养分利用的影响  

Effect of Controlled Drainage on Oil Sunflower Growth and Nutrient Utilization in Hetao Irrigation District

作　　者：窦旭 史海滨[1,2] 李瑞平 苗庆丰[1,2] 田峰 于丹丹[1,2] DOU Xu;SHI Haibin;LI Ruiping;MIAO Qingfeng;TIAN Feng;YU Dandan(College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering,Inner Mongolia Agricultural University,Huhhot 010018,China;High Efficiency Water-saving Technology and Equipment and Soil Water Environment Engineering Research Center of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region,Huhhot 010018,China)

机构地区：[1]内蒙古农业大学水利与土木建筑工程学院,呼和浩特010018 [2]高效节水技术装备与水土环境效应内蒙古工程研究中心,呼和浩特010018

出　　处：《农业机械学报》2021年第12期313-323,共11页Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(51879132、51769024);内蒙古科技重大专项(zdzx2018059);内蒙古水利科技重大专项(nsk2018-M5)。

摘　　要：为系统地从土壤水分、盐分、养分和油葵生长的变化来揭示不同排水方式的调控效应,设置4个处理,生育期暗管控制排水深度分别为40 cm(K1)、70 cm(K2)、100 cm(K3),春灌排水深度均为100 cm,选择明沟排水(深度150 cm)作为对照处理(CK),开展了田间试验。结果表明:K1处理自油葵开花期到收获1 m土层平均储水量比K2、K3处理提高了0.01%~4.53%,为作物生长后期提供了有效的水分。K1处理稳定了土壤水消耗的速率,削弱了水平方向土壤水分的消耗差异。春灌后K1、K2、K3处理平均脱盐率分别为49.02%、50.43%、49.70%,处理间无显著差异,而明沟排水仅为35.52%。暗管排水处理暗管中间点与暗管上土壤盐分淋洗率相差7.1~8.2个百分点,处理间无显著差异。CK处理盐分淋洗差异性相对较小,距明沟0.4 m处与明沟中间点相差2.8个百分点。至生育后期(开花期)不同处理存在土壤返盐情况,K1、K2、K3、CK较春灌前平均返盐率分别为28.63%、24.20%、20.83%、22.07%。K1、K2处理返盐程度相对较高,但其含盐量不影响油葵后期正常生长。K1处理在现蕾期铵态氮含量显著高于其他处理(P<0.05),较K2、K3、CK处理高30.43%、45.90%、14.83%;开花期铵态氮含量由大到小依次为K1、CK、K2、K3,差异性小于成熟期;成熟期K1、K2处理铵态氮含量与CK处理无显著差异。硝态氮含量在现蕾期、开花期和成熟期含量K1处理最高,K1处理较K2、K3、CK处理分别高13.62%~30.80%、14.33%~53.09%、7.17%~28.10%(P<0.05)。K1处理可减小地下水位波动,使氮素以稳定形态存在,减少硝态氮流失。暗管排水可以提高油葵出苗率2.5~2.7个百分点。K1处理增加有效株占比2.3~5.0个百分点;油葵出苗50 d后能显著增加株高5.10%~14.87%、茎粗6.29%~22.46%;提高水分利用效率1.16%~10.8%;提高氮磷钾肥料偏生产力7.69%~11.16%;增产4.52%~11.14%;并且有效地提高了叶片光合能力。从对土壤控盐、保肥、稳Aiming to systematically reveal the regulatory effects of different drainage methods from the growth of oil sunflowers and the changes in soil moisture,salinity and nutrients,four treatments were set up,i.e.,the control drainage depth during the growth period was 40 cm(K1),70 cm(K2),100 cm(K3),and the spring irrigation drainage depth was 100 cm.Open ditch drainage(depth 150 cm)was selected as the control treatment(CK),and field trials were carried out.The results showed that the average water storage of 1 m soil layer from the flowering period of the oil sunflower to the harvest of K1 treatment was increased by 0.01%~4.53%compared with that of K2 and K3 treatments,which provided effective water for the later stage of crop growth.K1 treatment stabilized the rate of soil water consumption and weakened the difference in soil water consumption in the horizontal direction.After spring irrigation,the average desalination rates of K1,K2,and K3 treatments were 49.02%,50.43%,and 49.70%,respectively,and there was no significant difference between treatments,but the open ditch drainage was only 35.52%.The desalination rate was inversely proportional to the horizontal distance from the concealed pipe(open ditch).The intermediate point of the concealed pipe drainage treatment and the soil salt leaching effect on the concealed pipe were 7.1~8.2 percentage points,and there was no significant difference between treatments.Salt leaching difference of CK treatment was relatively small,the difference between 0.4 m from the open ditch and the middle point of the open ditch was 2.8 percentage points.In the late growth period(flowering period),the soil salinity return was more serious.In the late growth period(flowering period),different treatments had soil salt return.The average salt return rates of K1,K2,K3,and CK were 28.63%,24.20%,20.83%,and 22.07%,respectively.K1 and K2 treatments had relatively high salinity return,but their content did not affect the normal growth of oil sunflower in the later stage.The content of ammonium nit

关 键 词：油葵 盐渍化灌区 中度盐渍化土壤 养分利用 控制排水 

分 类 号：S287[农业科学—农业水土工程] S286.7[农业科学—农业工程]