债务人为第三人承担违约责任的范围  

The Scope of the Third Party in the Debtor’s Responsibility for Breach of Contract

作　　者：殷秋实 YIN Qiushi

机构地区：[1]中央财经大学法学院

出　　处：《经贸法律评论》2022年第2期50-67,共18页Business and Economic Law Review

摘　　要：债务人由于第三人而发生债务不履行时,该第三人可能与债务人无关,也可能与其有法律关系。与债务人有法律关系的第三人包括非独立第三人和独立第三人。无论违约采过错还是严格责任,债务人原则上不为无关第三人负责是归责原则的题中应有之义。债务人为非独立第三人负责并无疑问,这不仅源于债务人的排他控制,也因为其具有效率优势,符合当事人的可能意思。关于独立第三人的范围,应从意思自治的角度出发,在欠缺约定、交易习惯和特别规定时,适用制度成本较低的解释方案:债务人是消费者时,无须为独立第三人负责;债务人是经营者时,原则上为独立第三人负责,除非债权人对第三人有干预和控制可能。《民法典》第593条的“依法”可以包含多个解释层次,从而为以上目标提供技术支撑。Where the debtor is in breach of contract because of a third party,there are three possible types of the third party:irrelevant third party,dependent assistance,independent contractor.The debtor doesn’t take responsibility for the irrelevant third party,as this is excluded by both the fault and the strict liability.The debtor is responsible for the dependent assistance.The reasons are that,not only the debtor could control the latter,but also this solution is more efficient.Thus,this solution conforms the possible agreement between the parties.The scope of independent contractor is the main problem.The propriate solution departs from the private autonomy.When lacking special agreements or provisions,custom and usage,the judge should select the solution which has the lower system costs.The debtor doesn’t take the responsibility when he is a customer.While he is a trader,the debtor should be liable in general,except when the creditor could better interfere and control the independent contractor.The expression,“in accordance with the law”,in the article 593 of the Civil Code could contain different levels,thus provide technical supports to reach this interpretation.

关 键 词：第三人 履行辅助人 独立第三人 风险分配 “依法”负责 

分 类 号：D923.6[政治法律—民商法学]