“生口”补释  

Supplementary Explanation of“Shengkou”(生口)

作　　者：张春雷 ZHANG Chunlei(School of Humanities,Wenzhou University,Wenzhou,China 325035)

机构地区：[1]温州大学人文学院,浙江温州325035

出　　处：《温州大学学报（社会科学版）》2022年第2期12-23,共12页Journal of Wenzhou University：Social Science Edition

基　　金：国家社会科学基金后期资助项目(19FYYB007);河南省高校科技创新人才支持计划(2017-cx-020)。

摘　　要：“生口”一词,史书习见,学界对其多有讨论,莫衷一是。“生口”本义为“活人”,根据“生口”的来源和去向,其并不单纯指“俘虏”“奴隶”,而是对来源于战争掠夺、暴力抓捕、诱拐、进献,失去户籍且未被固定在私家户籍下,可以被拥有者自由买卖或赠与他人的这一类活人的统称,属于偏正式复合词。由于“生口”多来源于战争,故其有“战俘”义;因为“生口”去向多为奴婢,故其又有“奴仆”义和“奴隶”义。“生口”不仅可以指称“活人”,而且可以指称“活的牲畜”,其表“牲畜”义的始见时代应在东汉末到南朝梁之间。表“牲畜”义的“牲口”出现在明代,或因“牲口”“生口”同音相混,而“牲”本身就可以指“牲畜”。随着时间的推移,“牲口”逐渐取代了“生口”,而“生口”的“战俘”义和“奴隶”义则一直沿用到清代。The word“Shengkou”(生口)is a common word in history books,which has been widely discussed in academic circles without reaching consensus.The original meaning of“Shengkou”(生口)is“living person”.According to the origin and destination of“Shengkou”(生口),the word does not simply refer to“captive”or“slave”,but the collective term for the category of living persons who lose their household registration and are not fixed under the private household registration after war plunder,violent arrest,abduction,or being paid tribute to others,and can be freely bought and sold or given to others by the owner.It is a partial formal compound.Since“Shengkou”(生口)mostly comes from war,it has the meaning of“prisoner of war”;because“Shengkou”(生口)is mostly slaves and maidservants,it also has the meaning of“servant”and“slave”.“Shengkou”(生口)can refer to not only“living people”but also“live livestock”.The meaning of“livestock”can be traced back to the period between the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty and the Liang Dynasty.The“Shengkou”(牲口)that expresses the meaning of“livestock”appeared in the Ming Dynasty,and it gradually replaced“Shengkou”(生口)with the passage of time possibly due to the homophony of“Shengkou”(牲口)and“Shengkou”(生口)while“Sheng”(牲)itself can refer to“livestock”.But the meanings of“prisoner of war”and“slave”of“Shengkou”(生口)were used until the Qing Dynasty.

关 键 词：生口 构词方式 牲口 词源 

分 类 号：H109.2[语言文字—汉语]