日本募捐政策:演变历程与规制逻辑——兼论对中国的启示  

Japan’s Fund-raising Policy:Its Evolution,Regulation Logic,and Enlightenment to China

作　　者：俞祖成 YU Zu-cheng(School of International Relations and Public Affairs, Shanghai International Studies University, Shanghai 200083, China)

机构地区：[1]上海外国语大学国际关系与公共事务学院,上海200083

出　　处：《广西师范大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2022年第2期58-72,共15页Journal of Guangxi Normal University(Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition)

基　　金：国家社会科学基金项目“我国慈善组织认定制度的实施困境及其对策研究”(18BZZ090)。

摘　　要：在因募捐活动所引发的诸多争议以及针对《慈善法》所设立的慈善公募资格行政许可制度引发的诸多讨论中,关于国外募捐政策的研究日趋活跃。然而,目前我国学界涉及日本募捐政策的研究存在不少偏误。鉴于此,分阶段地考察日本募捐政策长达150余年的演变历程后发现,其规制逻辑清晰地呈现为从“基于资格准入许可的全面规制”走向“放任自由”(规制空白),继而从“资格和行为的双重规制”转向“依法对募捐行为进行有限规制”,最终走向“政府有限规制和民间行业自律并行”的格局。结合我国的实际情况,日本经验的启示在于,我国应根据社会发展的实际需要,渐进性地适时调整过于严厉的慈善募捐资格规制政策,一方面,应通过新的立法完善对各类主体的募捐行为的规范,另一方面,应通过《慈善法》的修订将针对慈善募捐的规制重心转移至公开募捐活动上,进而界定慈善募捐的构成要件。不过,时至当下,不管从宏观层面抑或微观层面,我们仍难以判断何时才能最终形成驱动我国募捐政策发生根本性变迁的所需因素。Many controversies triggered by fund-raising,together with many discussions about the administrative licensing system for charity public fund-raising qualifications established by the“Charity Law of PRC”,has rendered the research on foreign fund-raising policies a dynamic issue.However,as for Japan’s fund-raising policy,there has been some misinterpretations in the current domestic research.Given this,after examining the evolution,in terms of the stage,of Japan’s fund-raising policy for more than 150 years,it is found that its regulatory logic is clearly presented as follows:from“comprehensive regulation based on qualification access permission”to“Laissez-Faire”(regulation blank),followed correspondingly by a shift from“dual regulation of qualifications and behaviors”to“limited law-based regulation”,and finally towards a pattern of“equal share between limited regulation from government and self-discipline by private industry”.In view of China’s context,the enlightenment of Japan’s experience is that China should gradually adjust the excessively stringent charitable fund-raising qualification regulations promptly under the actual needs of social development.That is to say,China should adopt new legislation to improve the norms of the fund-raising behavior of various entities,and revise the Charity Law to shift the focus of regulation to public fund-raising activities,thereby defining charity elements of the fund-raising.However,a prospect that the necessary factors to drive fundamental changes in domestic fund-raising policies can be finally taken shape is still unpredictable.

关 键 词：募捐 日本募捐政策 准入许可 行为规制 行业自律 

分 类 号：D63-31[政治法律—政治学]