半定量风险评估法在职业病危害预评价中的应用  

Application of semi-quantitative risk assessment in pre-evaluation of occupational hazards

作　　者：洪平 马玲 HONG Ping;MA Ling(The Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Xinwu District,Wuxi,Jiangsu 214142,China)

机构地区：[1]江苏省无锡市新吴区疾病预防控制中心,江苏无锡214142 [2]江苏省无锡市滨湖区疾病预防控制中心,江苏无锡214062

出　　处：《疾病预防控制通报》2022年第1期23-26,49,共5页Bulletin of Disease Control & Prevention(China)

摘　　要：目的 探讨半定量风险评估法在职业病危害预评价中的适用性。方法 2020年选择某公司秸秆生物质综合循环利用项目,并依据职业病危害因素的理化特性、毒理学资料、使用量、暴露方式、暴露时间、频率、拟采取危害控制措施等资料,以危害等级(HR)、接触等级(ER)评估建设项目产生的危害因素,计算各岗位生产性毒物的风险指数(R),并得出风险等级,最终选择相应的风险控制对策。结果 生产过程中产生的主要职业性危害因素为一氧化碳、二氧化硫、二氧化氮和氨,结合对以上四种生产性毒物的危害等级、接触等级评估,计算出风险指数分别为一氧化碳(R=4)、二氧化硫(R=3)、二氧化氮(R=4)、氨(R=3),并确定毒物相应的风险等级,即炭化装置产生的一氧化碳和炭基肥生产装置产生的二氧化氮属于高风险,炭基肥生产装置产生的一氧化碳、二氧化硫、氨属于中等风险。结论 半定量风险评估法运用到职业病危害预评价中时,可以在缺少类比资料的情况下准确地识别主要职业病危害因素并评估其风险水平,弥补了类比法的不足。Objective To discuss the applicability of semi-quantitative risk assessment in the pre-evaluation of occupational disease hazards. Methods A straw biomass comprehensive recycling project in a company was selected in 2020, and according to the information of the occupational disease hazard factors, which included(include) the physical and chemical characteristics, toxicological data, amount of usage, exposure mode, exposure time, frequency, and planned hazard control measures, the risk factors produced in the construction project were evaluated with hazard level(HR) and exposure level(ER). The risk level was obtained through calculating the risk index(R) of each poison in different work position, then the countermeasures for corresponding risks control were finally selected. Results Carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide,nitrogen dioxide and ammonia were determined as the main occupational risk factors in the productive process of the project.Considering the evaluation to the hazard levels and exposure levels of that four productive toxicants mentioned above, the risk indexes of carbon monoxide(R=4), sulfur dioxide(R=3), nitrogen dioxide(R=4) and ammonia(R=3) were calculated,and the corresponding risk level of the toxicants was determined. Carbon monoxide from the carbonization plants and nitrogen dioxide from the carbon-based fertilizer plants were at high level of risk, and carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide and ammonia from the carbon-based fertilizer plants were at medium risk. Conclusions The semi-quantitative risk assessment could be applied to the occupational risk pre-evaluation, and the main occupational hazard factors and their risk levels could be accurately identified and evaluated. The inadequacy of analogy method is made up by this method.

关 键 词：半定量风险评估 职业卫生 预评价 

分 类 号：R135.1[医药卫生—劳动卫生]