论《国家赔偿法》与《民法典》的衔接与协调  

The Cohesion and Coordination between the State Compensation Law and the Civil Code

作　　者：高家伟[1] GAO Jia-wei(Procedural Law Research Institute,China University of Political Science and Law,Beijing 100088)

机构地区：[1]中国政法大学诉讼法学研究院,北京100088

出　　处：《行政法学研究》2022年第2期18-29,共12页ADMINISTRATIVE LAW REVIEW

基　　金：教育部人文社科重点研究基地重大项目“行政争议的实质性解决与行政诉讼制度的完善研究”(项目编号:17JJD820010)。

摘　　要：国家赔偿法与民事侵权法之间的历史渊源决定了两者在规范适用方面的衔接关系以及在规范体系建构方面的协调关系。《国家赔偿法》与《民法典》在规范适用方面的衔接关系分为微观与宏观两个层面。微观层面的衔接关系集中在《民法典》创设的民事权益公法保护请求权。这种法律请求权的内容是民事权益,但对象却指向公权力机关的法定保护义务,是一种公私法混合性质的主观请求权,可能产生公权力机关不作为的国家赔偿责任,在案件定性、程序选择、计算标准等方面需要将《国家赔偿法》与《民法典》相关规定结合起来,才能解决规范适用和解释上的难题。宏观层面的协调关系主要表现在保护范围、归责原则和价值观念方面,《国家赔偿法》的保护范围应当与《民法典》保持一致,逐步加强“民本位”的观念因素,在基本价值取向上与《民法典》相向而行;与此同时,《国家赔偿法》在归责原则体系建构和程序设计上会逐步彰显出自己的公法属性。《国家赔偿法》与《民法典》之间衔接与协调的难题将会长久存在,在各级人民法院设置权限争议法庭是解决此类难题的一个可行方案。The historical link between State Compensation Law and Law of Torts determines their cohesion in norm application and coordination in norm construction.Through the analysis of six articles in Civil Code,this article finds that the cohesion and coordination relations exist at the micro level and macro level.At micro level,the cohesion mainly focuses on the rights in public law to claim protection of civil rights and interests created by the Civil Code.The content of the right to claim is civil rights and interests,but the object points to the public authority’s statutory obligation to protect,so it is a subjective right which is a mixture of public law and private law,which may lead to the state compensation liability for the inaction of the public authority.It is necessary to combine the relevant provisions in State Compensation Law and the Civil Code in terms of case characterization,procedure selection,calculation standards,etc.,in order to solve the difficulties in the application and interpretation of the norms.Macro-level cohesion and coordination are mainly manifested in the scope of protection,imputation principles and conception of values.The scope of protection of the State Compensation Law should be consistent with that of the Civil Code,and the“people-oriented”factor should be gradually strengthened.At the same time,however,in terms of imputation principles,the State Compensation Law will keep its own particularity in public law.Considering the challenge in cohesion and coordination between the State Compensation Law and the Civil Code will exist for a long time,a fundamental solution is to set Competence Dispute Tribunal in People’s courts at all levels.

关 键 词：国家赔偿法 民法典 民事权益公法保护请求权 

分 类 号：D922.1[政治法律—宪法学与行政法学] D923[政治法律—法学]