玉米收获机断秸导流装置设计与试验  

Design and experiment of the straw breaking and diversion device for maize harvesters

作　　者：贾洪雷[1,2] 谭贺文 马中洋 周淑辉 王刚[1] Jia Honglei;Tan Hewen;Ma Zhongyang;Zhou Shuhui;Wang Gang(College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering,Jilin University,Changchun 130022,China;Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering(Ministry of Education),Jilin University,Changchun 130022,China;College of Automotive Engineering,Jilin University,Changchun 130022,China)

机构地区：[1]吉林大学生物与农业工程学院,长春130022 [2]吉林大学工程仿生教育部重点实验室,长春130022 [3]吉林大学汽车工程学院,长春130022

出　　处：《农业工程学报》2022年第4期12-23,共12页Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(31901408);吉林省科技发展计划项目(20210202019NC,20200201206JC,20200502007NC)。

摘　　要：针对玉米收获机秸秆还田装置秸秆粉碎合格率低以及春季免耕播种时垄台秸秆壅堵等问题,该研究设计了一种能够使切断的秸秆顺利导入垄沟的断秸导流装置。作业时定刀与高速旋转的动刀对玉米秸秆进行横-纵向滑切,玉米断秸沿导流板导流至垄沟,提高秸秆粉碎合格率的同时减少垄台秸秆壅堵。建立玉米秸秆切割力学模型以及玉米断秸导流运动学模型,结合运动学及动力学分析,明确了影响断秸导流装置的主要因素为动-定刀间距、导流板偏角及导流板倾角。以秸秆粉碎合格率和秸秆导流率为试验指标进行装置结构参数优化试验,试验结果显示,断秸导流装置各参数最优组合为动-定刀间距48mm、导流板偏角52°、导流板倾角45°。将最优参数组合下的断秸导流装置与甩刀式及锤爪式还田装置,在不同工况下进行对比试验,试验表明:断秸导流装置的平均秸秆粉碎合格率为94.40%,比甩刀式和锤爪式平均秸秆粉碎合格率提高3.53%、2.15%,秸秆粉碎性能优于其他还田装置;最优参数组合下的断秸导流装置平均秸秆导流率为93.8%,导流效果明显。该装置可以有效提高秸秆粉碎合格率,减少免耕播种时秸秆壅堵,研究结果为玉米收获机新型秸秆还田装置的设计提供参考。Maize is one of the most important graincrops in the black soil region of Northeast China.Since the straw burning after harvest in autumn can lead to air pollution,the straw return-to-field has been widely used to cultivate the ground for the soil organic matter,further enhancing the yield and air environment.Most straw returning machines focus on only one independent operation,the same as the harvesters with straw returning devices.Current straw returning can easily cause straw congestion during no-till seeding in spring,and the amount of soil movement cannot easily retain the required moisture level,particularly when the straw is uniformly thrown to the ground or buried in the ground by rototilling.Alternatively,the monopoly furrow straw return can significantly increase the roughness of monopoly furrow to slow down the runoff velocity for the resistance to the sediment transport,further reducing the annual runoff coefficient and soil erosion modulus of the slope.However,there are only a few reports on the straw returning machine under the monopoly furrow straw return to the field.In this study,a straw breaking and diversion device was designed to smoothly introduce the cut straw into the field stage,in order to improve the straw crushing rate and straw congestion during no-till sowing in spring.Among them,a fixed blade and a high-speed moving blade were utilized to slice the maize straw in horizontal and longitudinal sections,and then the maize straw was guided along with the deflector to the field stage.A mechanical kinematic model was also established for the straw cutting and deflector during operation.The kinematic and kinetic analysis was combined to determine the influencing factors in the straw breaking and diversion device,including the distance of moving and fixed blade,deflection,and dip angle of the deflector.The results showed that the optimal combination of the parameters in the straw breaking and deflecting device was achieved,where the distance of moving and fixed blade was 48 mm,the deflection

关 键 词：玉米 收获机 秸秆还田 导流板 断秸 正交试验 

分 类 号：S222.23[农业科学—农业机械化工程]