饱水木质文物脱水加固材料与方法概述  

A Research Summary of Materials and Methods of Dehydration and Stabilization for Waterlogged Wood Artifacts

作　　者：吴梦若 秦振芳 韩刘杨 韩向娜 陈坤龙 张治国 殷亚方[3] Wu Mengruo;Qin Zhenfang;Han Liuyang;Yin Yafang;Han Xiangna;Chen Kunlong;Zhang Zhiguo(Institute of Cultural Heritage and History of Science&Technology,University of Science and Technology Beijing,Beijing 100083,China;Research Institute of Wood industry,Chinese Academy of Forestry,Beijing 100091,China;National Center for Archaeology,National Cultural Heritage Administration,Beijing 100013,China)

机构地区：[1]北京科技大学科技史与文化遗产研究院,北京100083 [2]国家文物局考古研究中心,北京100013 [3]中国林业科学研究院木材工业研究所,北京100091

出　　处：《中国文化遗产》2022年第2期84-93,共10页China Cultural Heritage

基　　金：国家重点研发计划专项项目脆弱木质文物水下固型提取技术研究(2020YFC1521804);海洋出水木质文物脱水材料与工艺研究(2020YFC1521803);海洋出水木质文物保存状况评估体系研究(2020YFC1521801);明清官式建筑本体材料劣化机理与保护材料研究(2020YFC1522404);中央高校基本科研业务费墓葬壁画保护中丙烯酸酯类材料的性能评价(FRF-MP-20-53)资助。

摘　　要：饱水木质文物的脱水加固材料与方法,从保护原理出发,可分为物理处理法、化学处理法、生物质材料修复法。自然干燥法、冷冻干燥法、超临界干燥法等物理方法进行脱水的优势在于不添加任何新的化学材料,冷冻干燥法在与预脱水材料结合方式、脱水装置设备和工艺改良方面已取得较大进展。化学处理法中,填充加固法应用最广泛,加固效果良好,但渗透有限;聚合加固法使用的化学材料则普遍具有更好的渗透性,能够在木材基体内部原位反应,具有提高加固剂的渗透程度、缩短处理时间的优点,还可以通过调控聚合条件保留木材天然孔隙,便于后续抗菌剂等的渗透。在新型脱水材料的研究方面,纳米碱土金属材料能够持续性解决木质文物酸化问题,在脱水加固材料降解造成酸化的木质文物二次保护上有较好的应用前景。合成聚合物材料中,有机硅树脂兼具有机/无机杂化特性,机械强度、抗菌、耐老化等性能良好。生物质材料中,低聚酰胺、纳米纤维素等天然生物高分子材料比起合成高分子材料,与木材基体相容性更高。目前仿天然高分子材料的脱水加固材料研究尚处于实验室探索性阶段,但为饱水木质文物新型绿色保护材料的研发提供了新思路。From the perspective of conservation principles, a general overview was presented in this study on the materials and methods of dehydration and stabilization for waterlogged artifacts around three aspects: physical treatment, chemical treatment and restoration with biologic materials. To dry and stabilize waterlogged artifacts, the materials are supposed to(1) ensure the removal of the excess water from the wood without causing shrinkage or distortion,(2) be able to replace water with other substances while enhancing the mechanical property of the wood, and(3) enable the corresponding dehydration and stabilization methods reversible or subject to reprocessing.In the category of physical treatment, the advantage of methods such as natural seasoning, freeze drying and supercritical drying lies in the fact that no new chemical substance is added. Among them, freeze drying has seen great development in the aspects of the combination mode with pre-drying materials, dehydration apparatus and technique improvement. Among the methods of chemical treatment, consolidation with infill is the most extensively applied one so far, with the advantages of satisfactory stabilization result,easy operation and universal application, yet the shortcoming of limited permeability. By contrast, the method of consolidation with polymers uses chemical materials that generally perform better in permeability, and can enable the reaction to take place in the original place of the wood matrix. This method has the advantage of lifting the permeation rate of the reinforcing agent and shortening the processing time, while maintaining the natural pores inside the wood through the control of poly-reaction conditions for the permeation of antibacterial agents afterwards.In the research on new dehydration materials, nano-sized alkaline earth metal offers a sustainable solution for the acidification of wood artifacts. Among the materials of polymers, organic silicon resin is a potential choice for dehydration and stabilization of waterlogged wood whe

关 键 词：饱水木质文物 脱水加固 文物保护材料 

分 类 号：K876.6[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学]