欧盟宪政秩序的挑战与危机——基于波兰法治危机案的考察  

Rule of Law Crisis in Poland and Its Challenges to EU Constitutional Order

作　　者：程卫东[1] CHENG Weidong

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院欧洲研究所

出　　处：《欧洲研究》2022年第1期7-34,I0002,I0003,共30页Chinese Journal of European Studies

摘　　要：自2015年年底开启的波兰司法改革,引发了一场事关波兰国内法治并波及整个欧盟宪政秩序的深刻而持久的危机。从危机的形成与演变过程来看,这两个危机的形成与扩大,大体可归为三方面的原因:一是波兰与欧盟对波兰司法改革的不同认知与定性;二是欧盟处理成员国国内法治危机的权威性与工具不足,未能及时有效解决波兰法治危机;三是波兰在应对欧盟措施时,对欧盟宪政秩序的基础提出了质疑。波兰法治危机不仅代表波兰内部政治与法律变迁及波兰与欧盟对这一变迁的不同认知与定性,而且全面、深刻地揭示了欧盟宪政秩序内在的一些深层次、根本性的矛盾与冲突。波兰法治危机对欧盟宪政秩序形成了重大冲击,但总体上看,欧洲一体化的逻辑仍然成立,只是由于欧盟宪政秩序中的根本问题短期内无法解决,其宪政秩序中的矛盾与冲突仍将不可避免。The judicial reforms in Poland which started in the end of 2015 have brought about deepgoing and long-running rule of law crisis in Poland as well as the crisis of EU constitutionalorder.From the evolving process of the two crises,three causes can be identified:1)different perceptions and characterizations of the Polish judicial reforms by Poland and EU respectively;2)lack of authority and deficiency of the instruments on the EU side to dealwith the problems arising from the Polish judicial reforms;3)Poland’s questioning of thefoundation of EU constitutional order in response to EU actions.The crisis in Poland not only reflects the transformation of Polish domestic politics and rule of law,but also reveals some intrinsic contradictions and conflicts within the EU constitutional order.Although Pol-ish rule of law crisis has certain severe negative impacts on EU constitutional order,the logic of European integration still holds true.However,contradictions and conflicts within theEU constitutional order cannot be avoided due to some of the fundamental problems thereof.

关 键 词：波兰 法治危机 欧盟宪政秩序 优先效力 欧洲法院 

分 类 号：D951.3[政治法律—法学] D95