北京市房山区多起学校水痘暴发疫情调查与分析  

Investigation and analysis of varicella outbreak in many schools in Fangshan District,Beijing

作　　者：周伟[1] 高舒[1] 吴涛[1] 辛丹[1] 董瑞强[1] 田竟 ZHOU Wei;GAO Shu;WU Tao;XIN Dan;DONG Rui-qiang;TIAN Jing(Department of Immunization,Beijing Fangshan District Center for Disease Control and Prevention,Beijing 102488,China)

机构地区：[1]北京市房山区疾病预防控制中心免疫预防科,北京102488

出　　处：《医学动物防制》2022年第2期164-166,171,共4页Journal of Medical Pest Control

基　　金：北京市优秀人才培养资助项目(2018000077606 G480)。

摘　　要：目的了解北京市房山区学校水痘暴发疫情发病特征,为今后制定疫情防控措施提供依据。方法采用描述性流行病学方法对北京市房山区9起学校水痘暴发疫情流行病学特征进行统计分析。结果2018—2019年北京市房山区共报告水痘暴发疫情9起,发病114例,暴露7511人,平均罹患率1.52%,无死亡病例发生。其中幼儿园2起,涉及病例15例,占13.16%,罹患率2.34%;小学3起,涉及病例50例,占43.86%,罹患率1.17%;中学2起,涉及病例19例,占16.67%,罹患率1.40%;大学2起,涉及病例30例,占26.32%,罹患率2.45%。男女性别比2.08∶1;发病呈现明显季节分布,集中于3—6月和10—11月;114例病例中,有水痘疫苗免疫史的63例,占发病总数的55.26%,无水痘疫苗免疫史和不详的51例,占发病总数的44.74%,83.54%的有免疫史病例最后1剂次水痘疫苗接种时间距离发病大于3年;有免疫史病例出疹程度轻于无免疫史病例。结论水痘传染性强,容易在学校和托幼机构等人群密集的场所引起暴发和流行,小学生是控制水痘暴发的重点人群,突破病例大量存在。建议将水痘疫苗纳入免疫规划管理,提高适龄儿童2剂次水痘疫苗接种率。是否扩大对16岁以上在校易感学生的应急接种,以减少学校疫情的暴发,值得进一步探讨。Objective To understand the characteristics of varicella outbreaks of school in Fangshan District,Beijing,to provide a basis for the prevention and control measures in the future.Methods A descriptive epidemiological method was used to statistically analyze the epidemiological characteristics of 9 varicella outbreaks occurred in schools in Fangshan District,Beijing.Results From 2018 to 2019,a total of 9 varicella outbreaks were reported in Fangshan District,Beijing,with 114 cases and 7511 exposures.The average incidence rate was 1.52%,and no fatal cases.There were 2 cases in kindergartens,involving 15 cases(13.16%),and the incidence rate was 2.34%.Three cases in primary schools,involving 50 cases(43.86%),and the incidence rates was 1.17%.Two cases in secondary schools,involving 19 cases(16.67%),and the incidence rates was 1.40%,two cases in universities,involving 30 cases(26.32%),and the incidence rates was 2.45%.The ratio of male to female cases was 2.08∶1.The incidence of varicella showed a clear seasonal distribution,concentrated in March to June and October to November.Among the 114 cases,63 cases had a history of varicella vaccine immunization,accounting for 55.26%of the total incidence,and 51 cases had no history of varicella vaccine immunization and unknown,accounting for 44.74%of the total cases,and 83.54%of cases with a history of immunization whose last dose of varicella vaccine more than 3 years before onset of the disease.The degree of rash in patients with immune history was less than that in patients without immune history.Conclusion Varicella is highly contagious and can easily cause outbreaks and epidemics in crowded places such as schools and nurseries.Primary school students are the key population to control the outbreak of varicella,and breakthrough cases exist in large number.It is recommended that varicella vaccine should be incorporated into the management of immunization programme,and the rate of 2 doses of varicella vaccination for school children is increased.It is worth further explori

关 键 词：水痘 暴发疫情 水痘-带状疱疹病毒 调查 分析 

分 类 号：R511.5[医药卫生—内科学]