以氦-4为唯一工质的1.8 K复合制冷机及其应用验证  

A hybrid cryocooler achieving 1.8 K with He-4 as the only working medium and its application verification

作　　者：党海政[1,2,3,4] 张涛 赵帮健[1,3] 赵永江 谭军 谭涵 薛仁俊[1,3] 张成俊 吕超林 李浩 尤立星 吴时光[1,3] 翟钰佳[1,3] Haizheng Dang;Tao Zhang;Bangjian Zhao;Yongjiang Zhao;Jun Tan;Han Tan;Renjun Xue;Chengjun Zhang;Chaolin Lü;Hao Li;Lixing You;Shiguang Wu;Yujia Zhai(Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Shanghai 200083,China;Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Sciences,Shanghai 201315,China;University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100049,China;Shanghai Boreas Cryogenics Co.,Ltd,Shanghai 201802,China;Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Shanghai 200050,China;Zhejiang PHOTEC Quantum CO.,Ltd,Jiaxing 314100,China)

机构地区：[1]中国科学院上海技术物理研究所,上海200083 [2]上海量子科学研究中心,上海201315 [3]中国科学院大学,北京100049 [4]上海铂钺制冷科技有限公司,上海201802 [5]中国科学院上海微系统与信息技术研究所,上海200050 [6]赋同量子科技(浙江)有限公司,嘉兴314100

出　　处：《科学通报》2022年第9期896-905,共10页Chinese Science Bulletin

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(52076210);上海市“量子信息技术”市级重大科技专项(2019SHZDZX01);上海市产业协同创新项目(2019-jmrh2-kj2,2021-cyxt2-kj09);上海市科技创新行动计划(18511110102,19511106802)资助。

摘　　要：量子信息技术和深空探测等领域的蓬勃发展,对2 K以下温区高可靠、长寿命、小型轻量化、高制冷效率低温制冷机的需求日益迫切,高频脉冲管耦合Joule-Thomson(JT)的复合制冷循环是实现这一目标的重要手段.目前国际上以该循环获得2 K以下温区的成功实践,均是在脉冲管分系统使用氦-4而JT分系统使用氦-3作为循环工质的情况下获得的.氦-3在地球上存量稀少、价格高昂,是阻碍这一循环在更广范围内实用化的关键瓶颈.本文对以氦-4为唯一工质的四级高频脉冲管耦合JT的复合制冷循环开展了理论与实验研究,分析了基于该循环获取2 K以下温度的关键难点和可行性,从采用间隙密封的直流线性压缩机的低压压力和多级间壁式回热器的低压侧压降损失入手,理论预测出在40 kPa系统充气压力下可实现1.1 kPa的压缩机吸气压力和438.6 Pa的低压侧总压降,从而能获得1.54 kPa的饱和蒸气压,此时采用氦-4节流可实现1.78 K的制冷温度.同时,在氦-4超流态工况下,分析了小界面温差的Kapitza热导对冷头蒸发器内超流氦热传递的影响,并给出了在此基础上JT循环参数优化的限制条件.设计出的制冷机的无负荷温度经过16.5 h从300 K降至1.8 K,且在360 h连续运行时间内温度波动不超过±6 mK,验证了理论的正确性和工质在超流状态下制冷温度的稳定性.随后开展了与实际超导纳米线单光子探测器(superconducting nanowire single-photon detector,SNSPD)的耦合联试,对SNSPD器件的系统探测效率和暗计数率的实际测试表明,所研制复合制冷机在采用氦-4为唯一工质条件下,依然可以为SNSPD提供1.84 K的工作温度以及良好的电环境,使其保持稳定可靠的工作状态.上述理论和实验突破不但将为SNSPD的未来空间应用提供可靠保障,而且也将为彻底打破该类复合制冷循环在更广领域内的实用化瓶颈铺平道路.With the rapid development of the quantum information technology and deep space exploration,there is an increasing demand for cryocoolers featuring high reliability,long operation lifetime,small scale,lightweight and high cooling efficiency,while the hybrid cooling cycle formed by the multi-stage high frequency pulse tube and the Joule-Thomson(JT)is an important approach to the problem.To date,over the world,the temperatures below 2 K with the above cycle have all been achieved by the use of He-4 in the pulse tube subsystem while He-3 in the JT subsystem.However,He-3 is rare and expensive,which is the key bottleneck of hindering the wide application of the cooling cycle.This paper makes theoretical and experimental investigations on the hybrid cooling cycle formed by the four-stage high frequency pulse tube and the JT,in which the pulse tube subsystem acts as the precooler while the JT subsystem as the final cooling stage.The distinctive feature of the hybrid cooling cycle is that in the entire system the He-4 is the only working medium.The key difficulty and feasibility of achieving temperatures below 2 K with the above hybrid system have been analyzed.Based on the suction pressure of the first stage compressor and counter-flow heat exchanger(CHEX)pressure drop on the low pressure side,it was predicted that with the charge pressure of 40 kPa,the suction pressure and the gross pressure drop can reach 1.1 kPa and 438.6 Pa,respectively,and thus a saturated vapor pressure of 1.54 kPa is obtained,which makes it feasible to achieve a no-load temperature of 1.78 K.Meanwhile,we theoretically analyzed the effect of the Kapitza conductance for a small interfacial temperature difference on the heat transfer in the cold head evaporator with He II,and then achieved the limiting condition of the parameter improvement for the JT cycle.The no-load temperature of the developed hybrid cryocooler dropped from 300 K to 1.8 K in 16.5 hours,and the temperature fluctuation was no higher than±6 mK during the 360 hours of continuous op

关 键 词：复合制冷循环 四级高频脉冲管 Joule-Thomson 氦-4 1.8 K 超导纳米线单光子探测器 

分 类 号：TB651[一般工业技术—制冷工程]