宪治审视下“全民违法”现象的产生及破解之策  

The Emerging Phenomenon of"Universal Violation of Law"and Its Countermeasures from the Perspective of Constitution-based Governance

作　　者：秦前红[1] QIN Qianhong

机构地区：[1]武汉大学法学院,湖北武汉430072

出　　处：《政治与法律》2022年第4期2-14,共13页Political Science and Law

摘　　要：当受到行政处罚的相对人较为广泛时,可能会呈现“全民违法”的现象。“全民违法”的出现意味着政府即使确立了标准并施以惩罚,却仍然无法防止人们从事违法行为。民众的心理以及规则处于“过渡阶段”、规则本身不合理等均可能导致这一现象。就规则不合理造成的“全民违法”来说,自动化行政为其提供了客观前提,行政目的的错位与落空是其深层逻辑。从法治国家的基点出发,“全民违法”可能有违“善法之治”,实体上欠缺过罚相当性、合比例性,程序上折损正当性。从基本人权的基点出发,“全民违法”可能脱离人民意志性,违反权利义务相统一的原则。要防范规则不合理造成的“全民违法”现象,治本在于治“法”,完善正当程序为其辅助。应充分展开违法成本评估、法规备案审查,构建起平衡行政多元目的的制度体系。同时,要充分保障当事人陈述、申辩等权利,完善设备审核机制,利用信息化手段为当事人提供便利。"Universal Violation of law"mainly refers to such phenomenon as that relatively extensive administrative penalties for administrative counterparts,i.e.establishing standards and imposing penalties,still cannot prevent people from engaging in illegal activities,in which the psychology of the public,the rules being in the"transitional stage",and the rules per se being unreasonable could result.In terms of the"universal violation of law"caused by unreasonable rules,automated administration provides the objective premise,and the misplace and failure of the administrative purpose are its deep logic.Starting from the base point of a country based on rule of law,"universal violation of law"may be not a reflection of the"rule of good law",namely,there is a lack of illegality-penalty equivalence and proportionality in the substantive aspect and the justification is compromised in the procedural aspect.Starting from the base point of basic human rights,"universal violation of law"may be detached from the people’s will and violate the principle of the balance between rights and obligations.In order to prevent the phenomenon of"universal violation of law"caused by unreasonable rules,the fundamental measure is to improve"law",with the improvement of due process as its supportive measure.It is necessary to fully carry out the assessment of the cost of violation of law,record and examination of regulations and build an institutional system of balancing multiple administrative purposes.At the same time,it is necessary to fully protect the rights of the parties to statement and defence,improve the mechanism of examining and approving equipment,employ information technology to facilitate involved parties.

关 键 词：全民违法 自动化行政 行政处罚 违法成本评估 正当程序 

分 类 号：DF2[政治法律—宪法学与行政法学]