机构地区：[1]甘肃省干旱生境作物学重点实验室/甘肃农业大学农学院,兰州730070
出 处：《中国农业科学》2022年第6期1095-1109,共15页Scientia Agricultura Sinica
基 金：国家现代农业产业技术体系(CARS-3-2-47);国家自然科学基金(31760362)。
摘 要：【目的】明确中国北方地区秸秆覆盖和地膜覆盖技术对小麦生产的影响,探索两种覆盖体系的适宜推广区域。【方法】在近40年的时间跨度中检索并筛选出165篇相关文献,将其置于荟萃分析(Meta-analysis)的框架下,通过效应分析的不同展现形式(如变化率及反应比)开展理论研究。整体采用随机效应模型,分析对比不同覆盖模式下小麦农艺指标和农田水分状况的变化情况。进而以亚组分析的形式,重点揭示覆盖增产效应对不同环境条件(海拔、降水量、气温、日照)及田间管理措施(覆盖周期、种植密度、耕作、施肥)的响应规律,对其进行函数拟合、权重分析及统计检验。并且通过皮尔逊相关性分析量化本研究涉及的各个变量之间的相关性。【结果】相较于露地栽培,秸秆和地膜覆盖分别使小麦产量显著提高了19.53%(95%CI=0.55%-38.52%)和24.91%(95%CI=3.18%-46.64%),并且抑制了农田蒸散。不同覆盖模式下产量构成因素对增产的贡献率亦存在一定差异,分别为有效穗数>穗粒数>千粒重(秸秆覆盖);有效穗数>千粒重>穗粒数(地膜覆盖)。其中秸秆覆盖下的穗粒数增幅较高,达5.7%(95%CI=-4.10%-15.50%);而覆膜的有效穗数和千粒重增长更显著,分别为25.2%(95%CI=14.11%-36.29%)和6.4%(95%CI=1.50%-11.30%)。除了具有促产优势,覆膜的生物量和水分利用效率同样比覆秸秆高出18.17%和14.39%。具体表现为在大部分气象亚区中地膜覆盖的增产率相较于秸秆覆盖高出0.89%-23.34%。同时,随着地势的下降,覆膜的增产效应相对于非覆盖呈现出增长趋势,在低海拔地区(<800 m)增产率可达34.26%。然而,塑料薄膜相对于秸秆的增产优势会随着覆盖年限的增加而逐渐缩小,在超过8年的试验中,覆盖秸秆的整体增产率反而更高。秸秆覆盖产量还受到施肥和耕作措施的影响,尤其是在免耕,不施肥以及单施磷肥这3种处理中,增产率分别达【Objective】The aim of this study was to identify the impact of straw mulching and plastic film mulching on wheat production in Northern China, so as to explore the suitable promotion areas of two mulching systems.【Method】In this study, a total of 165 literature was retrieved and screened in recent 40 years, which were put into the framework of Meta-analysis, and were carried out through different forms of overall effect analysis(such as change rate and response ratio) for theoretical research. Generally, by adopting random effect model, the changes of wheat agronomic indexes and farmland moisture conditions under different mulching patterns were analyzed. Then, the response rules of mulching yield increasing effect to various environmental conditions(altitude, precipitation, temperature, and sunshine) and field management measures(mulching period, planting density, tillage, and fertilization) were revealed by subgroup analysis, while the function fitting, weight analysis and statistical test were carried out. The correlation between the variables involved in this study was quantitatively analyzed by Pearson correlation coefficient method.【Result】Compared with the open field cultivation, the straw and plastic film mulching significantly increased wheat yield by 19.53%(95%CI =0.55%-38.52%) and 24.91%(95%CI =3.18%-46.64%), which also inhibited field evapotranspiration. Furthermore, it was found that there were some differences in contribution rate of yield components to yield under different mulching patterns, which were: effective spike number > grain number per spike > 1000 grain weight(straw mulching);effective spike number > 1 000 grain weight > grain number per spike(plastic film mulching). The increase of grain number per spike under straw mulching was higher, that about 5.7%(95%CI =-4.10%-15.50%);while increase of effective spike number and 1000 grain weight under film mulching was more significant, which were 25.2%(95%CI = 14.11%-36.29%) and 6.4%(95%CI = 1.50%-11.30%), respectively. In addition t
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