令史与秦及汉初的县乡行政  

Scribe Directors in the County and Township Administration in Qin and Early Han

作　　者：孙闻博[1] SUN Wen-bo(School of Chinese Classics,Renmin University of China,Beijing 100872,China)

机构地区：[1]“古文字与中华文明传承发展工程”协同攻关创新平台、中国人民大学国学院,北京100872

出　　处：《河北学刊》2022年第3期160-166,共7页Hebei Academic Journal

基　　金：2020年度国家社会科学基金一般项目“新出简牍与秦汉县制研究”(20BZS031);2018年度国家社会科学基金重大招标项目“古代中国乡村治理与社会秩序研究”(18ZDA171)。

摘　　要：秦及汉初,县的组织架构已形成曹、官两分格局。县乡行政呈现为县廷与作为诸官之一的乡之间的政务往来。而“廷—官”模式进入实际运作层面时,令史在县乡行政中发挥着重要作用。一方面,令史居于县廷之内,“直”曹审计乡官事务;另一方面,令史又常被外派至乡,监督县下的物资出入、商品买卖与业务处理。进而,令史还直接参与乡官事务。户籍的编造、使用,副本的呈县保管、再使用,背后都有令史的身影。为维持乡官运转,令史甚至可因故代理乡部啬夫。秦及汉初的县,不仅通过廷内、廷外差遣令史,实现县廷与乡官政务的有效连接,而且赋予了令史审计、监督、参与、代理等自上而下、自外及内的诸多职任,从而强化了县廷对下属诸乡的行政控制。令史在县乡行政中的活跃,又为理解西汉中期“掾”的出现提供了重要启示。In the Qin and early Han dynasties,the county’s administrative organization has formed a two-part structure of bureaus(cao曹)and offices(guan官).The county and district administration is pres⁃ented as the district bailiff was one of the positions(guan官)subordinated to the county court(ting廷);and these two agencies constituted the so-called ting-guan(廷—官)political paradigm at that time.When the so-called ting-guan(廷—官)political paradigm entered the actual operation level,Scribe Directors played an important role in county and district administration.The counties in the Qin and the early Han not only realized the effective connection between the county government and the dis⁃trict officials through Scribe Directors dispatched from inside and outside the court.In addition,Scribe Directors has been given many positions,including auditing,supervision,participation,and acting,from top to bottom,layer to layer,to strengthen the county’s administrative control over the subordinate dis⁃tricts.Scribe Directors’activity in county and district administration provided important enlightenment for understanding the emergence of“yuan”(掾)in the middle of the Western Han Dynasty.

关 键 词：秦汉 县乡行政 令史 监 守官 

分 类 号：C912.2[经济管理]