涉重危废概念的提出及其资源化利用  

Scientific definition of hazardous wastes containing heavy metals and their resource utilization

作　　者：辛宝平 王佳 XIN Baoping;WANG Jia(School of Material Science and Engineering,Beijing Institute of Technology,Beijing 100081,China;School of Environment and Energy Engineering,Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture,Beijing 100044,China)

机构地区：[1]北京理工大学材料学院,北京100081 [2]北京建筑大学环境与能源工程学院,北京100044

出　　处：《环境工程学报》2022年第1期1-9,共9页Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering

基　　金：国家重点研发计划(2018YFC190061,2018YFC1900301,2018YFC1900304);国家自然科学基金资助项目(21777007);北京市自然科学基金资助项目(8172042)。

摘　　要：危险废物作为具有较高危害特性的固体废物,近年来受到国内外学术界、政府管理部门和公众的极大关注。危险废物的产生和排放呈现量大、面广、源多、物杂的特点,因此,科学分级分类既是其精细管理、精确监控、精准处置的现实需求,也是环境科学与工程领域危险废物和固体废物学科体系构建和健康发展的必然要求。危险废物中有一重要类别,其共有的危险特性源于重金属的毒性。重金属的不可降解性决定了该类危险废物的环境风险和环境危害具有持久性;重金属的不可再生性又决定了该类危险废物的资源属性具有稀缺性。为此,探讨并定义了以重金属毒性为危险特性的这一重要而独特的危险废物细分领域,明确了其内涵和外延;提出了金属五分法及该类别危险废物资源化利用的实现路径;分析了不同重金属提取工艺的适用性,并论述了该类别危险废物资源化利用的核心要务和技术原理。In recent years hazardous wastes(HWs)as highly harmful solid waste have been drawing increasing attentions due to their serious environmental pollution and severe threat to health.Because HWs are characterized by huge production,very wide range,numerous sources,and very complicated components and structure,a scientific classification and grading is necessary to both their refined management and precise treatment and the system construction and healthy development of HWs discipline.Among HWs,there is a fairly large category with toxic characteristics originated from the toxicity of heavy metals contained.The large class of HWs has long-term harm to both environment and health due to undegradability of the toxic heavy metals,whilst the big category also displays irreplaceable resource value owing to irreproducibility of the heavy metals.In the current work,the big category as an important and unique subdivision area of HWs was scientifically defined in the world for the first time,with clear intension and extension;metals/heavy metals were reclassified into five category,covering expensive metals,high-price metals,low-price metals,high toxic metals and non-toxic metals,and the feasible route for resource utilization of the HWs containing heavy metals was proposed;the applicability of pyrometallurgy,hydrometallurgy and bioleaching was fully analyzed in the extraction and recovery of metals from the HWs containing heavy metals,and core elements and technical principles of resource utilization of the HWs containing heavy metals were also discussed.

关 键 词：危险废物 涉重危废 火法冶金 湿法冶金 生物沥浸 资源化利用 

分 类 号：X705[环境科学与工程—环境工程]