马克思对剩余价值学说史的批判与超越——基于《资本论》第四卷的考察  

Marx's Criticism and Transcendence on the History of Surplus Value Theory:Based on the Fourth Volume of Das Kapital

作　　者：胡芳 HU Fang(Marxism School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610207)

机构地区：[1]四川大学马克思主义学院,四川成都610207

出　　处：《江南大学学报（人文社会科学版）》2022年第2期14-25,共12页Journal of Jiangnan University：Humanities & Social Sciences Edition

基　　金：国家社科基金后期资助一般项目“马克思资产阶级意识形态批判研究”(20FKSB007)。

摘　　要：马克思是如何继承和超越剩余价值学说史实现第二个“伟大发现”的创造?《资本论》第四卷的手稿《剩余价值理论》成为破解谜题的重要视域。马克思以詹姆斯·斯图亚特、重农主义、亚当·斯密、魁奈等经济学家和经济学流派对剩余价值的来源问题的探究为研究起点,对洛贝尔图斯和李嘉图等关于地租理论及利润与平均利润、价值和生产价格等问题的研究进行分析;从关切“异化劳动”这个资本家追逐剩余价值的剥削之果到透视剥削本身,再到揭示资产阶级剩余价值必然灭亡的“不可避免”的命运,马克思发现古典政治经济学家试图以现象佐证实质;从窥探庸俗经济学囿于阶级局限在为资产阶级辩护的同时,揭示其必然走向理论解体的历史命运。在批判旧世界中发现新世界,马克思在厘清剩余价值理论相关定义和关系之后,创立了剩余价值理论,成为马克思主义政治经济学的“内核”。How did Marx inherit and surpass the history of surplus value theory to achieve the creation of the second“great discovery”?The manuscript of the fourth volume of Das Kapital,the Theory of Surplus Value,was an important vision to solve the puzzle.Marx analyzed the studies by Lobertus and Ricardo on land rent theory,profit and average profit,value and production price,etc.,starting from the research on the source of surplus value in economics schools.With the concern of“alienated labor”,which is the result of exploitation of capitalists'pursuit of surplus value and the perspective of exploitation itself,and then the revealing of the“inevitable”fate of the inevitable demise of bourgeois surplus value,Marx found that the classical political economists tried to prove the essence with phenomenon.From the view that vulgar economics is confined to class and justifies the bourgeoisie,it reveals its inevitable historical destiny of theoretical disintegration.In criticizing the old world and discovering the new world,Marx established the theory of surplus value after clarifying the relevant definitions and relations,which became the“core”of Marxist political economy.

关 键 词：马克思 剩余价值学说史 剩余价值理论 重农主义 古典政治经济学 庸俗经济学 

分 类 号：F0-0[经济管理—政治经济学]