财政转移、国族建构与政党认同——央地关系视角下的印度政党格局演变  

Fiscal Transfer Payments,Nation Building and Political Party Identity:Center-State Relations and the Evolution of Indian Party Politics

作　　者：张倩雨 Zhang Qianyu

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学国际关系学院

出　　处：《南亚研究》2022年第1期105-132,158,159,共30页South Asian Studies

摘　　要：以20世纪90年代移民汇款流入显著增多和2014年莫迪政府发起“国族建构”运动为节点,印度中央执政党和地方居民之间由财政转移和政党认同构成的供需关系大致经历了三个发展阶段,对应着印度政党格局自独立以来“集中—分散—再集中”的演变历程。在地方居民尚未形成统一的身份认同之前,当缺少可替代联邦政府财政转移的资金来源时,地方居民将为获得财政转移以满足公共服务需求而被动地向中央执政党表达“忠诚”。移民汇款的流入改变了中央执政党和地方居民之间靠财政转移建立起的依赖关系,地方居民得以基于种姓、阶层、民族和宗教等身份认同提出狭隘而激进的利益诉求,各类地方政党则因回应这些诉求获得了发展,使印度政党格局从集中走向分散。莫迪政府的“国族建构”运动通过强化“他者”与“我们”的区别,实现了对印度教民族主义统一身份认同的塑造,使地方居民超越狭隘身份认同,主动在全国大选和地方选举中支持印度人民党,印度政党格局因而再次朝着“一党独大”的趋势转变。1990 sand 2014 marked key moments of transition of Indian party system as overseas financial remittances increased significantly and as the Modi Administration launched its great“nation building”movement.India’s central ruling party and the country’s residents across its states have seen three phases in the development of the basic trade-off central to Indian politics between the need for fiscal transfer payments to the states from the center and the need of the center for a strong party identity.These developments correspond to the cycle of change seen in Indian politics since the country’s independence,which might be described as“centralizationdevolution-recentralization”.Initially in the absence of alternative sources of revenue,local populations were forced to rely on transfer payments from the central government in order to meet needs for public services.While the localities lacked a strong popular identity,in exchange for needed transfer payments from the center,they would passively express loyalty to the central ruling party.The emergence of overseas remittances changed these dynamics between the central ruling party and the localities,leading to localities emphasizing narrow and often extreme demands for self-identity that prioritized family names,class,nationality or religion.Local political parties been responsive to these demands caused a shift away from centralization within Indian party politics.The Modi Administration’s“nation building”movement aimed to mold a unified national identity based on Hindu nationalism by emphasizing differences between“them”and“us”.This led to strong and proactive support for the BJP in both national and local elections,causing another shift in Indian party politics towards“one major party”.

关 键 词：财政转移 国族建构 政党认同 印度人民党 印度教民族主义 

分 类 号：D735.1[政治法律—政治学]