墓葬所见玉皇庙文化的性别与社会  

A Discussion on Gender Differences and Social Relationships Reflected in Burials of Yuhuangmiao Culture

作　　者：王含元 Wang Hanyuan

机构地区：[1]北京大学考古文博学院

出　　处：《四川文物》2022年第2期64-76,共13页Sichuan Cultural Relics

摘　　要：为讨论玉皇庙文化墓葬所展现出的男女性别差异,依据军都山墓地发掘报告中墓主人性别年龄的鉴定结果,首先通过二项式检验方法,发现军都山墓地的男女性别比整体失衡;接着归纳玉皇庙文化墓葬中出现的“性别代码”,提出男性“性别代码”的指向性强于女性;最后从性别研究的视角出发,探讨玉皇庙文化社会分工、财富获取与分配以及社会构成等相关问题。玉皇庙文化社会两性成员之间泾渭分明,性别分工的不同使男性在社会中处于绝对的优势地位,尤其是具有战士身份的男性支配力很强,女性的社会身份相较于男性则更为单调。此外,在强调性别差异和性别集团的同时,玉皇庙文化社会构成中血缘关系仍保持有相当的影响力。This article focuses on gender differences and relationships reflected in the burials of Yuhuangmiao culture which is known as an agri-nomadic culture in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. Based on the published archaeological materials of Jundushan burials, this article contains the following aspects: 1) verify the gender imbalance in Jundushan burials by Z-Test based on the principle of binomial distribution. The abnormity of sex ratio in Jundushan cemeteries is confirmed with the exception of the Yuhuangmiao cemetery. 2) Find the ‘Gender Codes’ in Jundushan burials which indicate how the deceased of different genders were separated by outward representations in funeral ceremonies in Yuhuangmiao society, with further emphasis that male-codes are more accurate than female-codes. 3) Discuss the division of labor, obtainment and distribution of wealth, and social structure of Yuhuangmiao society from the perspective of gender study. In this article, the members of Yuhuangmiao society are divided into six groups: top-level nobility, warriors, general male nobility, general female nobility, adult civilians and children, whom can be integrated into four classes. As the main point of this article, there were clear distinctions between the male and female members of Yuhuangmiao society. Members of different genders varied in lifestyle, bodily decoration and clothing, and were even buried in separate cemeteries. There were also noticeable differences in wealth and social status between the male and female. The gender differences in Yuhuangmiao society rooted in the social division of labor. As male members assumed the roles of warriors, hunters and herders, they were in an advantageous position in the society. Males, especially the warriors, formed the dominant group in Yuhuangmiao society. On the contrary, for the females, their social division of labor was not reflected in funeral ceremonies, as their wealth and status originated from their families or clans. In the other words, because of the social division of labor acco

关 键 词：玉皇庙文化 晚期青铜时代 性别考古 社会构成 

分 类 号：K878.8[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学]