陕西周公庙遗址08ⅢA2G2葬人现象探析  

Study on Burials at Ditch 08ⅢA2G2 of Zhougongmiao Site in Shaanxi Province

作　　者：李楠[1,2] 何嘉宁 种建荣[3] 吴小红 雷兴山 Li Nan;He Jianing;Chong Jianrong

机构地区：[1]北京大学考古文博学院 [2]北京大学中国考古学研究中心 [3]陕西省考古研究院 [4]首都师范大学历史学院

出　　处：《四川文物》2022年第2期83-90,共8页Sichuan Cultural Relics

基　　金：国家社会科学基金一般项目“人骨遗存压力指征与古人健康状况重建研究”(项目编号:20BKG035);中国博士后科学基金面上项目“周原遗址出土人骨综合研究”(项目编号:2021M690210);“郑州中华之源与嵩山文明研究会”第七批青年课题(项目编号:Q2020-2)。

摘　　要：陕西周公庙遗址08ⅢA2G2是出土西周甲骨最丰富的单位,其内埋葬人骨15具,性质和身份较为特殊。从堆积状况、人骨本身及其与甲骨间的关系来看,G2的单位性质经历了从壕沟到灰沟的转变,沟内葬人生前的营养水平较好但健康状况很差,人骨与甲骨层位分布不相重合。因此,这些个体并非掩埋甲骨时祭祀所用人牲,而是被弃葬于灰沟的奴仆。他们生前服务于北部的大型宫殿建筑,因建筑失火等原因意外死亡,被排斥在家族墓地之外。西周时期周系贵族的奴仆来源多样,人身依附程度减轻,与晚商时期的奴仆制度有所不同。08ⅢA2G2(G2 for short) at Zhougongmiao site is a ditch where most oracle bones of the Western Zhou Dynasty were unearthed. 15 individuals were buried in this ditch, which is rather unusual for the Zhou cultural tradition. The ditch is full of construction waste and prestige goods such as mud bricks, wooden pillars, jade flakes, and bronze vessels. Most of these artifacts have been burnt out and only small pieces are preserved. To the northeast lies clusters of large rammed earth buildings. The ditch served as a moat to protect buildings in the beginning and turned to be a landfill after the buildings were destroyed by fire.In Shang and Zhou Period, only a few dead people appeared in a house, wall, well or cellar instead of a family cemetery, which is called abnormal burials. These 15 individuals in G2are typical abnormal burials. They are not human sacrifices for discarding oracle bones as was previously assumed. First, G2 is not designed to bury oracle bones. Second, human skeletons and oracle bones don’t exist in one layer and aren’t closely related. Third, individuals in G2 have different head orientations, body postures, genders, and ages, which doesn’t resemble human sacrifices in other sites. They are supposed to be servants who lived with their masters and died in the fire. Due to unexpected death, they were seen as ominous and hastily buried with rubbish in a ditch near the buildings.The nobility in ancient China had different kinds of servants such as bodyguards, lackeys and attendants. Compared with Late Shang Period, nobles in the Western Zhou Dynasty had more servant sources. These people didn’t have to be killed as sacrificial victims or buried alive with their masters. The personal attachment between masters and servants was also weakened. These changes indicate that rulers of the Zhou Dynasty admire virtues and value their people more.

关 键 词：周公庙遗址 西周时期 异类葬 奴仆 

分 类 号：K878.6[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学] K224[历史地理—历史学]