黄土旱塬区玉米产量最优的有机肥与化肥配施组合研究  

Optimal combination of organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer for maize yield in Loess Plateau dry land areas

作　　者：梁改梅[1] 李娜娜[1] 黄学芳 池宝亮 陈稳良 LIANG Gai-mei;LI Na-na;HUANG Xue-fang;CHI Bao-liang;CHEN Wen-liang(Shanixi Institute of Organic Dryland Farming,Shanxi Agricultural University,Taiyuan Shanxi 030031;College of Agronomy,Shanxi Agricultural University,Taiyuan Shanxi 030031)

机构地区：[1]山西农业大学山西有机旱作农业研究院,山西太原030031 [2]山西农业大学农学院,山西太原030031

出　　处：《中国土壤与肥料》2022年第3期29-38,共10页Soil and Fertilizer Sciences in China

基　　金：山西省基础研究计划项目(20210302124162);十四五国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFD1901101-1);“十二五”农村领域国家科技支撑计划项目(2015BAD22B03-2);山西省农业科学院农业科技创新项目(YCX2018409);山西省农业科学院博士基金项目(YBSJJ2016)。

摘　　要：为揭示化肥减量、有机肥源替代化肥对黄土高原东部山西旱塬地玉米增容蓄水及增产效应,为旱地玉米增产增效及合理施肥、解决用地养地矛盾提供重要的理论依据。研究以金科玉3306为材料,采用3因素5水平二次通用旋转组合设计,于2018~2020年进行田间定位试验。设5个化肥用量,395.4、600、900、1200、1404.6 kg·hm^(-2);5个秸秆还田比例,32.95%、50%、75%、100%、117.05%;5个有机肥用量,2385、7500、15000、22500、27615 kg·hm^(-2);并以单施化肥(1200 kg·hm^(-2))作为对照。结果表明:随化肥用量增加,土壤容重不断增加。而施用有机肥和秸秆还田可使土壤容重降低,有利于土壤蓄水。随着施肥水平的增加,增施有机肥和提高秸秆还田量均可提高0~200 cm土层土壤的贮水量,但秸秆还田对提高0~200 cm土层土壤的贮水量大于有机肥施用。化肥配施秸秆还田、化肥配施有机肥均可使玉米增产,且增产大小为化肥配施有机肥>化肥配施秸秆还田。可见,有机肥配施可显著降低土壤容重,增加土壤贮水,提高作物产量和水分利用效率。研究提出了玉米化肥减量,有机肥和秸秆还田替代化肥的最优组合为化肥用量795~1061 kg·hm^(-2)、秸秆还田比例69%~89%(即还田4399~5674 kg·hm^(-2))、有机肥量11723~18848 kg·hm^(-2),预期产量为13232 kg·hm^(-2)。该产量较单施化肥对照(11729 kg·hm^(-2))增产12.8%,使化肥减施139~405 kg·hm^(-2)。The effect of reducing chemical fertilizer and replacing with organic fertilizer on increasing water storage in reservoirs and yield of maize in semi-humid and drought-prone areas of Loess Plateau was studied to provide an important theoretical basis for increasing yield and efficiency of maize in dry land,and to solve the contradiction of land use and land conservation through reasonable fertilization.In this study,Jinkeyu 3306 was used as the materia,and the field experiment was carried out by using and a 3-factor 5-level quadratic general rotary combination design from 2018 to 2020.Five chemical fertilizer rates were 395.4,600,900,1200,1404.6 kg·hm^(-2);five straw returning proportions were 32.95%,50%,75%,100%,117.05%;five organic fertilizer rates were 2385,7500,15000,22500,27615 kg·hm^(-2).Single application of chemical fertilizer(1200 kg·hm^(-2))was used as a control.The results showed that the soil bulk density increased with the increasing of chemical fertilizer rates.The application of organic fertilizer and straw returning could both reduce soil bulk density,which is beneficial to soil water storage.With the increase of fertilization rates,the 0~200 cm soil layer water storage increased with the increase of organic fertilizer and straw returning,but the increased 0~200 cm soil layer water storage with straw returning was larger than that of organic fertilizer.Maize yields would be increased by applying chemical fertilizer with organic fertilizer,followed by chemical fertilizer with straw returning.Therefore,the application of organic fertilizer could significantly reduce soil bulk density,increase soil water storage and improve crop yield and water use efficiency.The optimum combination was of chemical fertilizer application 795~1061 kg·hm^(-2),the proportion of straw returning 69%~89%(equivalent to 4399~5674 kg·hm^(-2)),organic fertilizer application 11723~18848 kg·hm^(-2),and the expected maize yield was 13232 kg·hm^(-2).Compared with the chemical fertilizer control(11729 kg·hm^(-2)),the maize

关 键 词：玉米 化肥 有机肥 秸秆还田 产量 黄土旱塬区 

分 类 号：S513[农业科学—作物学]