“准合同”概念之外延考--对我国《民法典》第985条的理论与实证分析  

On the Outer Limit of the Concept of"Quasi-contract"

作　　者：李永军[1] LI Yongjun

机构地区：[1]中国政法大学民商经济法学院,北京100088

出　　处：《政治与法律》2022年第5期80-95,共16页Political Science and Law

基　　金：国家社科基金重大项目“民法典编纂的内部与外部体系研究”(项目编号:18ZDA 141)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：在我国《民法典》中,准合同被规定在合同编中,但是,如果说无因管理与合同还有某些关联,不当得利就距离合同太远了。无因管理在我国《民法典》上从“没有义务”的视角来定义存在巨大的漏洞,以“无委托合同而有代理权”的情况下所谓的行为不构成无因管理,就可以击穿这一概念。因此应当如大部分国家民法典那样从“无权限”的角度来界定更合适。在法国法上不当得利被严格区别于“非债清偿”,这与德国法上区分“给付型”与“非给付型”不当得利,在效果上几乎一致。我国民法典上仅仅用“没有法律根据取得不当利益”来界定不当得利,造成与民法体系中的其他请求权难以区分,不利于民法体系的精确性与规范正确使用。应当在制定法律解释时,像我国学理通说主张的那样,区分类型。这不仅是制度构建的需要,而且是法律规范适用的需要。In the Civil Code of China,quasi-contract is stipulated in the Section of Contracts.However,if there is some connection between negotiorum gestio and contract,unjust enrichment is too far away.There is a huge loophole in the definition of negotiorum gestio from the perspective of"being without obligation"in Civil Code of China,which can be debunked by the failure to constitute negotiorum gestio when the conduct is carried out under the situation that there is no entrusting contract but power of attorney.Therefore,it is more appropriate to define it from the perspective"without authority"as in civil codes of most countries.Unjust enrichment is strictly different from"non-debt settlement"in French law,which has almost the same effect as the distinction of"payment-style"unjust enrichment and"non-payment-style"one in Germany law.In the Civil Code of China,unjust enrichment is defined only as"obtaining improper interest without legal basis",which makes it difficult to distinguish unjust enrichment from other claims in the system of civil laws,and is not conducive to the accuracy of the system of civil laws system and its normative and correct use.The types of unjust enrichment should be distinguished when laws are interpreted,as is advocated by the prevailing theoretical opinion in China.This is required not only by the system construction,but also by the application of legal norms.

关 键 词：准合同 无因管理 不当得利 请求权基础 合同 非债清偿 

分 类 号：DF51[政治法律—民商法学]