钢轨折断案例的分析与对策  

Analysis and Countermeasures of Rail Fracture Cases

作　　者：梁旭 许鑫 周韶博 李英奇 刘丰收 LIANG Xu;XU Xin;ZHOU Shaobo;LI Yingqi;LIU Fengshou(Metals and Chemistry Research Institute,China Academy of Railway Sciences Corporation Limited,Beijing 100081,China)

机构地区：[1]中国铁道科学研究院集团有限公司金属及化学研究所,北京100081

出　　处：《高速铁路新材料》2022年第2期59-66,共8页Advanced Materials of High Speed Railway

基　　金：中国国家铁路集团有限公司科技研究开发计划项目(K2020G015);中国铁道科学研究院集团有限公司科研项目(2019YJ093);中国铁路上海局集团有限公司科研计划项目(2021106)。

摘　　要：对2011—2020年中国铁道科学研究院集团有限公司检验分析的钢轨或道岔钢轨件折断案例和2018—2020年线路钢轨或道岔钢轨件折断案例(未进行实验室微观分析)进行了汇总分析,得出以下主要结论:钢轨折断伤损主要是钢轨的表面伤损,其中轨底伤损案例数量较多,危险性最大。钢轨冷机械外伤多发源于轨底角位置,可以分为机械伤和剐蹭伤2类。运煤线路的轨底锈蚀断轨问题比较突出,轨底中心区域锈蚀坑发展为断轨风险最大。钢轨高温组织损伤产生的裂纹多数情况下会发展为无明显疲劳辉纹的折断,难以通过探伤检出,危害较大。由钢轨轨头区域的碾边、滚动接触疲劳和内部缺陷发展而来的疲劳辉纹尺寸较大,在钢轨表面状态良好的情况下容易被探伤发现。The cases of rail or turnout rail parts examined and analyzed by China Academy of Railway Sciences Corporation Limited from 2011 to 2020 and the cases of rail or turnout fracture of railway line(without laboratory microscopic analysis)from 2018 to 2020 were summarized and analyzed.The main conclusions are as follows.The surface damage of the rail is the main damage that causes the rail fracture,of which the rail bottom damage is the most dangerous.Rail cold mechanical injury mostly originate from the bottom corner of the rail,which can be divided into mechanical damage and scratch damage.Rail fracture caused by corrosion at the bottom of the rail is prominent on the coal transportation line.Corrosion pits in the center has the greatest risk of rail fracture.In most cases,cracks caused by hightemperature structural damage of rails developed into fracture without obvious fatigue lines,which are difficult to find by ultrasonic testing(UT),so it is more harmful.The fatigue lines developed from the edge rolling,rolling contact fatigue and internal defects in the rail head area are large in size and easy to be found by UT.

关 键 词：钢轨 道岔钢轨件 断裂 特征分析 

分 类 号：U214.81[交通运输工程—道路与铁道工程]