黑龙港平原基于麦-玉复种的两年轮作模式农田水分消耗特征研究  

Characteristics of farmland water consumption under two-year wheat-maize interannual rotation patterns in Heilonggang Plain

作　　者：赵影星 王彪 刘晴 宋彤 张学鹏[1] 陈源泉[1] 隋鹏[1] ZHAO Ying-Xing;WANG Biao;LIU Qing;SONG Tong;ZHANG Xue-Peng;CHEN Yuan-Quan;SUI Peng(College of Agronomy and Biotechnology,China Agricultural University,Beijing 100193,China;Zibo Digital Agriculture Rural Development Center,Shandong 255000,Jinan,China)

机构地区：[1]中国农业大学农学院,北京100193 [2]淄博市数字农业农村发展中心,山东济南255000

出　　处：《作物学报》2022年第7期1787-1799,共13页Acta Agronomica Sinica

基　　金：国家重点研发计划项目(2016YFD0300203);农业农村部作物需水与调控重点实验室开放课题项目(FIRI2021010101)资助。

摘　　要：为解决黑龙港平原地下水漏斗区传统冬小麦-夏玉米(简称麦-玉)一年两熟模式的水粮矛盾问题,设计“一年传统麦-玉模式+一年轮作其他作物”的2年节水稳粮型轮作系统,试图寻找适合该区域的节水稳粮型绿色种植制度。于2018年10月—2020年9月在河北吴桥地区开展田间试验,以冬小麦-夏玉米一年两熟模式为对照,设置春玉米→麦-玉、冬小麦→麦-玉、春甘薯→麦-玉、春花生→麦-玉、冬小麦-夏花生→麦-玉、马铃薯-青贮玉米→麦-玉6个处理,分析各轮作模式的农田耗水特征。结果表明:(1)相比对照,除冬小麦-夏花生→麦-玉外,不同轮作模式的年均耗水量可减少3.1%~15.2%。春玉米→麦-玉、马铃薯-青贮玉米→麦-玉、春花生→麦-玉和春甘薯→麦-玉模式轮作周期内年均耗水量较对照模式分别减少6.1%、7.2%、9.2%和15.2%,4种模式的年均地下水净消耗量也较对照模式分别减少9.0%、10.3%、16.2%和32.9%;(2)不同耗水层次的作物搭配可以在空间上实现水分互补。冬小麦作物主要消耗0~160 cm土层土壤水分,其含水量相较于播种时减少了20%,马铃薯作物主要消耗0~100 cm土层土壤水分,其含水量相较于播种时减少了12%,春花生作物主要消耗20~80 cm土层土壤水分,其含水量相较于播种时减少了4%;(3)部分轮作模式可以减少对灌溉水的需求,同时有利于土壤水分的固持。2019轮作年,春玉米→麦-玉和春花生→麦-玉模式在模式灌溉量分别比对照减少145 mm和175 mm的情况下,2 m土壤贮水量较轮作年起始增加了27.2 mm和12.6 mm,而麦-玉复种模式在灌溉量为300 mm的情况下,2 m土壤贮水量较轮作年起始消耗了18.4 mm;(4)部分轮作模式具有较好的经济水分利用效率,达到对照的1.2~1.5倍。春花生→麦-玉和冬小麦-夏花生→麦-玉模式经济水分利用效率显著高于对照模式,分别为对照的1.5倍和1.2倍。综合农田水分利用特征In order to solve the contradiction of water and grain about the traditional continuous winter wheat(Triticum aesti-vum L.)and summer maize(Zea mays L.)double-cropping system(W-M→W-M,CK)in the groundwater funnel area of Heilonggang Plain,the new rotation patterns with two-year cycle of“one-year traditional W-M+one-year other crops”were designed,trying to find out a water-saving and green stable cropping system suitable for this region.The field experiment was carried out in Wuqiao,Hebei province from October 2018 to September 2020.Setting spring maize→W-M(Ms→W-M),win-ter wheat→W-M(W→W-M),spring sweet potato(Dioscorea esculenta(Lour.)Burkill)→W-M(Psw→W-M),spring peanut(Arachis hypogaea Linn.)→W-M(As→W-M),winter wheat-summer peanut→W-M(W-A→W-M)and potato(Solanum tube-rosum L.)-silage corn→W-M(P-C→W-M)six rotation patterns with two years cycle,we tried to analyze the characteristics of farmland water consumption.The results showed that:(1)Compared with CK,the annual water consumption of rotation pat-terns reduced by 3.1%-15.2%,expect W-A→W-M.The annual average water consumption of Ms→W-M,P-C→W-M,As→W-M and Psw→W-M decreased by 6.1%,7.2%,9.2%,and 15.2%,respectively,and the annual average net groundwater consumption of the four patterns also decreased by 9.0%,10.3%,16.2%,and 32.9%,respectively.(2)The combination of crops at different water consumption levels could achieve water complementary spatially.Winter wheat mainly consumed 0-160 cm soil moisture,which was reduced by 20%compared with sowing.Potato mainly consumed 0-100 cm soil moisture,which was reduced by 12%compared with sowing.Spring peanut mainly consumed 20-80 cm soil moisture,which was re-duced by 4%compared with sowing.(3)Partial rotation patterns could reduce the demand for irrigation water and increase soil water storage.In 2019 rotation year,when the irrigation amount of Ms→W-M and As→W-M patterns were 145 mm and 175 mm less than CK,the soil water storage of 2 m increased by 27.2 mm and 12.6 mm compared with

关 键 词：轮作 耗水量 张力计 地下水 经济水分利用效率 

分 类 号：S513[农业科学—作物学] S512.1