汉语“间接施主”致使句句法语义不对称多重动因研究  

A Study on the Multi-motivation of the Semantic-syntactic Mismatch of Chinese Indirect Causative Resultatives

作　　者：沈梅英[1] SHEN Meiying(School of Foreign Languages,Zhejiang Sci-Tech University)

机构地区：[1]浙江理工大学外国语学院

出　　处：《当代语言学》2022年第2期252-263,共12页Contemporary Linguistics

基　　金：教育部规划基金项目“汉语‘乖戾’动结式隐含复杂性多重动因研究”(19YJA740046)资助。

摘　　要：学界对主语位置上的“工具论元”是“非施事”还是“施事”归类问题存在分歧,本文认为两种观点都存在“以偏概全”之嫌,前者忽视了工具借助他力后的能动性,后者仅凭其能动义项简单将其归为“施事”,缺乏理据的充分性和解释的全面性。本文基于“直接施事”和“间接施事”的分类,借助语料库,从认知方式和语用动因视角对现代汉语致使动结句中间接施事论元作主语的句法语义不对称现象进行了分析并发现:认知层面上,此类形义不对称句式的生成源于话语者对客观世界的识解方式,直接施事论元被压制是“经济”动因驱使下转隐喻认知机制运作使然;语用层面上,言者选择间接施事作主语是受语用原则的统辖,信息适量、焦点凸显和交际意图等语用动因制约着句法结构的选择。因此,此类句式结构的充分解释与其意义的全面理解需将句法、语义、语境、语用等多重因素考虑在内。This paper firstly puts forward the controversial issue on whether the “instrumental argument” in the subject position is “non-agent” or “agent” in the literature, and holds the viewpoint that there exists the drawback of “overgeneralization” in both views. Specifically, the former ignores the initiative of the instrument with the help of other forces, and the latter simply describes it as “agent” merely by its feature of motility, which lacks sufficient arguments as well as the comprehensiveness of interpretation. Then, based on the classification of “direct agent” and “indirect agent”, the paper analyzes the cognitive mechanism and the pragmatic motivation of Chinese causative resultatives with indirect agent argument based on corpus data. Data analysis shows that at the cognitive level, the generation of the semantic-syntactic mismatch is due to the way in which the utterers recognize the objective world, and the coercion of direct agent argument is the product of the interaction between cognitive mechanism and objective world as the consequence of economy principle of conveying messages by using metaphor and metonymy, and that at the pragmatic level, the choice of indirect agent as subject is motivated by pragmatic principles, appropriate information, focus and communicative intention which restrict the selection of expressions. Therefore, it is essential to take into account multiple factors such as syntax, semantics, context, and pragmatics for the adequate interpretation of this type of semantic-syntactic misplacement and the comprehensive understanding of its connotation.

关 键 词：间接施事论元 句法语义不对称 多重动因 

分 类 号：H146.3[语言文字—汉语]