美国反兴奋剂领域的域外管辖:国际体育自治的挑战与应对  

Extraterritorial Jurisdiction in Anti-Doping in the United States:Challenges to International Sports Autonomy and Countermeasures

作　　者：周青山[1] 敖忠[1] ZHOU Qingshan;AO Zhong(Law School,Xiangtan University,Xiangtan 411105,Hunan China)

机构地区：[1]湘潭大学法学院,湖南湘潭411105

出　　处：《北京体育大学学报》2022年第3期144-152,共9页Journal of Beijing Sport University

基　　金：国家社会科学基金项目“国际体育仲裁院裁判规则研究”(项目编号:17BFX151)。

摘　　要：2020年,美国通过了《罗琴科夫反兴奋剂法》,首次在国际体育反兴奋剂领域创设了域外管辖权,授予联邦司法部门对发生在域外重大国际体育比赛中的兴奋剂违法行为以刑事追诉权。域外管辖以重大国际体育比赛为适用范围,以除运动员外的任何个人和组织为适用对象,以重大国际兴奋剂欺诈阴谋为规制目标行为;对行为人可采取监禁、罚款、没收财产或收益以及强制赔偿的刑罚方法或刑事制裁措施,采10年的追诉时效但同时适用时效中止规定。该法的实施或给国际体育自治带来一些现实或可能的危害。面对其域外管辖,各国和国际体育组织将面临着一系列无以预估的风险和危机。对此,应当从加强国内兴奋剂管控治理,国家实施阻断立法和反制执法,国际体育组织设置“参赛礼让”声明、承诺制度和一定条件下的决议制度以及当事人在兴奋剂诉讼中援引相关原则予以抗辩等方面进行预防和应对。The United States passed the Rodchenkov Anti-Doping Act in 2020,which created extraterritorial jurisdiction in international sports Anti-Doping for the first time and granted the federal judicial department the power to criminal prosecution for doping violations in major international sporting competitions abroad. Extraterritorial jurisdiction applies to major international sporting competitions,any individual and organization except athletes,and targets major international doping fraud conspiracy. The perpetrators can be punished by imprisonment,fine,confiscation of property or proceeds and compulsory compensation or criminal sanctions. The limitation of prosecution is 10 years,but the suspension of limitation is also applicable. The implementation of this Act may bring some practical or possible harm to international sports autonomy. Facing extraterritorial jurisdiction,countries and international sports organizations will face unpredictable risks and crises. In this regard,prevention and response should be carried out from the following aspects:strengthen domestic doping regulation and governance;countries should implement blocking legislation and counter law enforcement;international sports organizations should issue“comity”statements and establish a commitment system and a resolution system under certain conditions,and relevant parties should invoke relevant principles to defend themselves in doping litigation.

关 键 词：罗琴科夫反兴奋剂法 域外管辖 兴奋剂欺诈 国际体育自治 

分 类 号：G803[文化科学—运动人体科学]