表见代理构成要件的再思考:兼顾交易安全和意思自治的平衡视角  

Reconsideration of the Constitutive Elements of Apparent Agency:A Balanced Perspective Accommodating Transaction Security and Private Autonomy

作　　者：徐海燕 XU Haiyan(Law School,University of International Business&Economics,Beijing 100029,China)

机构地区：[1]对外经济贸易大学法学院,北京100029

出　　处：《法学论坛》2022年第3期45-59,共15页Legal Forum

摘　　要：建议基于交易安全和意思自治的动态平衡视角,重塑表见代理的五大构成要件。代理权外观表象要素具有真实性、客观性和多元化,需要精准识别。行为人代理权外观的不同类型及其传递信息的确定性会影响善意相对人的合理信赖程度。相对人要主张表见代理保护,必须就其善意且无过失的身份承担举证责任。信息占有状况与举证责任成正比。信息占有不对称是认定作为相对人是否善意的关键因素,也是适度降低相对人举证负担的正当性依据。在判断相对人是否善意无过失时,应确立以理性人标准为主、主观标准为辅的折中理性人标准。裁判者要依诚实信用原则和公序良俗的法律和道德要求,提炼出绝大多数相对人的智商情商、知识经验水准的公约数作为理性人标准。相对人善意信赖的行为人代理权外观与被代理人行为之间的因果关系可纳入表见代理构成要件,但被代理人过错不是构成要件。被代理人是表见代理风险外溢的主要源头。建议基于信息占有不对称和风险控制能力差异,在被代理人和相对人之间合理分配无权代理风险带来的不利法律后果。公司员工使用假印鉴、系争合同超越经营范围和行为人构成犯罪并不必然阻却表见代理。Based on the perspective of dynamic balance of transaction security and private autonomy,it is recommended to restructure the five major components of apparent agency.The appearance elements of agency powers are authentic,objective,and diversified,and need to be accurately identified.If the the third party wants to claim the protection of apparent agency,he must bear the burden of proof for his bona fide and non-faulty identity.The status of information possession is directly proportional to the burden of proof.When judging whether the third party is innocent or not,we should establish a compromised rational person standard with the rational person standard as the main and subjective standard as the supplement.The principal is the main source of apparent agency risk spillover.It is suggested that based on the asymmetry of information possession and the difference in risk control ability,the unfavorable legal consequences caused by the unauthorized agency risk should be reasonably allocated between the principal and the third party.The use of fake seals by corporate employees,the use of disputed contracts exceeding the scope of business,and the employee’s personal crimes do not necessarily hinder the apparent agency.

关 键 词：表见代理 善意相对人 信息占有不对称 折中理性人标准 因果关系 被代理人过错 

分 类 号：D913[政治法律—民商法学]