近代中国政治身份构建的传统人伦基础——以康有为“天民”论述为中心  

Traditional Human Relations as a Foundation of Political Identity in Early Modern China:Based on Kang Youwei’s Concept of Tianmin

作　　者：谢丽萍 郭台辉 Xie Liping;Guo Taihui

机构地区：[1]南京大学政府管理学院,江苏南京210023 [2]云南大学民族政治研究院,云南昆明650091

出　　处：《文史哲》2022年第3期154-164,168,共12页Literature,History,and Philosophy

摘　　要：近代中国政治身份的观念构建,可以通过与“民”相关的概念集群来考察。既定的现代民族国家构建研究主要基于外来观念框架,只关注“国民/公民”作为政治身份构建的基本概念;而“天民”作为本土性的身份概念,更富有传统伦理层面的基础性意义,为晚清士人熟知却被后人所忽略。其实,在康有为对“大同至公”理念的论述中,“天民”与“国民/公民”只是同一身份观念的不同表述,天民观念以男女夫妇为逻辑起点,依照人伦秩序逐层展开“独立”与“平等”的价值讨论:“独立”运用于“人道”语境,并非论及个体理性,而是重申合乎公理的“人欲”;“平等”运用于“人伦”语境,并非讨论自然权利,而是抹平等级差异的家国天下关系重构,由此呈现的逻辑顺位是,“民”首先是道德主体,其次才是政治主体。以康有为的“天民”论述为中心,回到晚清政治反思与伦理重塑的问题域,发见近代政治身份观念构建过程中的伦理基础,及其在现代中国转型过程中的作用,自有其必要。The construction of political identity in early modern China can be manifested in the concept cluster related to min.Previous studies tended to focus on guomin/gongmin(nation/citizen) as the basic concept of political identity,which mainly come from the western framework,while tianmin as a complctely indigenous concept has traditional ethical significance,which is well known in Qing dynasty but ignored in modern age.In fact,in Kang Youwci’s treatise on great harmony,tianmin and guomin/gongmin art different expressions of the same identity.According to traditional human relations,tianmin includes the value of independence and equality:independence is not a discussion of individual rationality,but reiterates the axiomatic human desire,nor is equality a divseussion of natural rights,but a reconstruction of the human relationship from family unto the world layer by layer.Therefore,min should be recognized as an ethical subject prior to a political subject.It is necessary to be aware of the ethical foundation in the process of constructing political identity in carly modern China.This paper reveals the ethical values of tianmin with its traditional continuity in the narrative of modern China’s transformation.

关 键 词：康有为 天民 政治身份 人伦秩序 大同至公 家国天下 

分 类 号：D092[政治法律—政治学] K25[历史地理—历史学]