长江中下游地区紫花苜蓿与玉米周年轮作栽培模式  

An annual rotation model of alfalfa and corn in Yangtze River area

作　　者：于晨 王仪明 马力 苏连泰 高鲤 周鹏 安渊 YU Chen;WANG Yiming;MA Li;SU Liantai;GAO Li;ZHOU Peng;AN Yuan(School of Agriculture and Biology,Shanghai Jiao Tong University/Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture,Ministry of Agriculture,Shanghai 200240,China;Shanghai Dingying Agriculture Limited Company,Shanghai 202171,China;Yellow River Institute of Hydraulic Research,Zhengzhou 450003,Henan,China)

机构地区：[1]上海交通大学农业与生物学院/农业部都市农业重点实验室,上海200240 [2]上海鼎瀛农业有限公司,上海202171 [3]黄河水利科学研究院,河南郑州450003

出　　处：《草业科学》2022年第5期996-1005,共10页Pratacultural Science

基　　金：上海市农委科技兴农项目(沪农科推字(2020)第1-2号);国家自然科学基金(32071863)。

摘　　要：为探索南方紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)种植新途径,建立长江中下游地区紫花苜蓿和玉米(Zea mays)周年轮作栽培模式,本研究开展了紫花苜蓿冬闲田栽培技术和轮作玉米栽培技术研究。紫花苜蓿栽培试验设置了对照(不施肥)和施肥(NPK复合肥)处理;轮作玉米试验设置了原位添加苜蓿绿肥(紫花苜蓿种植地)、异地添加苜蓿绿肥(未种植紫花苜蓿地)和不添加苜蓿绿肥(对照)3个处理,添加量为3000 kg·hm^(−2)苜蓿干草。结果表明:秋播紫花苜蓿可分别于次年4月初和5月中旬刈割两茬。其中,施肥显著提高了苜蓿产量和叶蛋白质含量(P<0.05),两茬累计干草产量达到10897 kg·hm^(−2),比对照增产22.7%;与未种苜蓿地相比,种植苜蓿显著提高了0−30 cm土层的全氮、速效磷和有机质含量(P<0.05)。原位添加和异地添加苜蓿绿肥均显著提高了轮作玉米的全株生物量(P<0.05),增幅分别达到40.1%和16.7%,并且,原位添加显著提高了0−20 cm土层的全氮和速效钾含量,以及10−20 cm的速效磷和有机质含量(P<0.05)。本研究结果表明,紫花苜蓿与饲用玉米周年轮作是长江中下游地区一种高效、可持续的轮作栽培模式,既可获得紫花苜蓿和玉米双丰收,又可有效改善农田土壤质量。To explore new cultivation methods for the production of alfalfa(Medicago sativa)and to establish an annual rotation model for alfalfa and maize(Zea mays)in the Yangtze River area,techniques of alfalfa cultivation in winter fallow fields and maize cultivation rotated with alfalfa were studied in the Yangtze River area.Two applications of an NPK fertilizer were undertaken in an alfalfa field,and three applications of alfalfa green manure were undertaken in a corn field,which were addition alfalfa green manure(3000 kg·ha^(−1) in dry weight)in local sites(alfalfa growing sites),in contrast land(unplanted alfalfa sites),and the non-addition of alfalfa green manure which was as control.The results showed that alfalfa planted in autumn could be harvested twice,first in early April and then,in the middle of the May of next year,in which NPK fertilizer addition significantly increased alfalfa growth and the nitrogen content of its leaves(P<0.05).The accumulated alfalfa yields increased by 22.7%(10897 kg·ha^(−1))compared with the control.In comparison to fallow plots,planting alfalfa significantly increased total nitrogen,available phosphorus,and the organic matter of the soil to a depth of 30 cm(P<0.05).The yields of whole corn plants significantly increased by the addition of alfalfa green manure in both local(40%)and contrast(16.7%)sites compared with the control(P<0.05).The total nitrogen content and available potassium in soil upto a depth of 20 cm,and the available phosphorus and organic matter in the soil at a depth range of 10−20 cm were significantly higher after the application of alfalfa green manure in the local sites(P<0.05).These results indicate that the annual rotation of alfalfa and corn is an effective and sustainable model in the Yangtze River area,which can not only produce high yields of both alfalfa and corn,but also improve soil quality.

关 键 词：紫花苜蓿 冬闲田 轮作 绿肥 速效磷 土壤有机质 

分 类 号：S541.9[农业科学—作物学] S513