屈家岭遗址史前黑釉蛋壳陶研究  

Technical Examination of Eggshell Black Pottery Unearthed at the Qujialing Site

作　　者：肖芮 罗运兵 陶洋 张德伟 崔剑锋[3] XIAO Rui;LUO Yunbing;TAO Yang;ZHANG Dewei;CUI Jianfeng(Beijing 100871;Wuhan,Hubei 430077)

机构地区：[1]北京大学考古文博学院,北京100871 [2]湖北省文物考古研究院,湖北武汉430077 [3]北京大学中国考古学研究中心,北京100871

出　　处：《江汉考古》2022年第2期114-122,共9页Jianghan Archaeology

基　　金：国家重点研发计划(2020YFC1521606)课题的阶段性研究成果。

摘　　要：屈家岭遗址发现了一类黑彩或黑衣蛋壳陶,制作精美。通过显微观察、成分分析、扫描电镜能谱等分析了这些蛋壳陶,结果表明其黑彩工艺与普通黑彩陶工艺完全不同。普通黑彩均为铁锰矿物致色,而蛋壳黒绘陶表面黑彩已烧成黑色玻璃。比较分析可知这类“黑釉”陶与公元前6世纪希腊黑绘陶(Attic Pottery)烧成工艺基本类似,均采用“氧化—还原—氧化”三个阶段(ORO)的烧成工艺。在还原阶段使高铁的精细黑色表面烧成玻璃化黑釉,形成了我国最早的高温黑釉陶瓷,体现出屈家岭文化先民已经掌握相当高超的陶器烧成技术,将我国高温黑釉技术提早了将近一千年。Black pottery exquisitely manufactured, with black paint or black slip, was unearthed at the Qujialing site. Technical examination of the black pottery specimens, using microscope, X-ray fluorescence(XRF), and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(SEM-EDS), revealed a manufacturing technology different from that applied on common black pottery. Common black pottery is black due to the presence of iron-manganese minerals;however, eggshell black pottery at Qujialing was fired at high temperatures, transforming the black paint on surface of the pottery into a black, glassy material. We propose that eggshell black pottery at Qujialing was fired using a technology similar to that used in the production of 6th-century BC Greece Attic Potter, namely the ORO technology involving a three-phase firing(oxidizing-reducing-oxidizing). At the reduction stage, black surface rich in iron was fired to form a black glaze, leading to the formation of high-fired black-glazed pottery in Neolithic China. It is proposed that ancestors of the Qujialing culture knew well how to manage a high firing, a remarkable achievement made one thousand years earlier than previously suggested.

关 键 词：屈家岭遗址 蛋壳黑彩陶 高温黑釉 三阶段烧成工艺 

分 类 号：K876.3[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学]