论多数人之债的类型推定规则  

On the Presumption Rules of the Types of the Multiple Subject Obligation

作　　者：齐云[1] Qi Yun

机构地区：[1]厦门大学法学院,福建厦门361005

出　　处：《法律科学（西北政法大学学报）》2022年第3期148-161,共14页Science of Law：Journal of Northwest University of Political Science and Law

基　　金：教育部人文社会科学研究项目(18YJC820051)“民法典编纂视野下的多数人之债研究”。

摘　　要：《民法典》第518条第2款被概括为“连带之债不得推定规则”,即连带之债不得推定,仅能由法律规定或当事人约定而产生。此规则是对肇始于罗马法的“债当然可分原则”的承继,体现了欧洲共同法“有利于债务人原则”的传统。“连带之债不得推定”就意味着“按份之债推定”,即在多数人之债中,若无法律规定或当事人约定,给付可分的,应推定按照等份成立按份之债,这才是完整的多数人之债的类型推定规则。这体现了尽量限制连带之债成立从而偏向保护债务人的立法意旨,在对其成立原因“法律规定或当事人约定”的判断标准进行解释时亦应贯彻此意旨。但为了促进交易的安全便捷,保护债权人的利益,一些立法放弃了上述规则,作出相反的规定,特别是在商事领域。我国立法在坚持上述基础推定规则的同时,亦应看到这一变化,基于立法政策的考虑,可在特定领域对上述规则进行排除。The 2;paragraph of Art. 518 of Civil Code of PRC is summarized as the “principle of non-presumption of solidary obligation”, that is, solidary obligation shall not be presumed, but can be generated only by legal provisions or agreement of parties. This principle comes from the maxim of “nomina sunt ipso iure divisa” in Roman law, and embodies the tradition of “favor debitoris” in the Common Law of Europe. “Non-presumption of solidary obligation” means“ presumption of divided obligation”, namely, if there is no law or agreement between the parties in the obligation with multiple subjects, in the condition of divisible prestation, it should be presumed that there is the equably divided obligation, which is the so-called principle of type’s presumption of obligation with multiple subjects. This reflects the legislative intention of limiting the establishment of solidary obligation so as to protect the debtor as far as possible. This legislative intention should also be carried out when interpreting the standard of “legal provisions or agreement between the parties”. In order to promote the safety and convenience of transactions and protect the interests of creditors, the above principle has been abandoned in some countries, especially in the commercial field. While insisting the above-mentioned principle, China’s legislative body should also pay attention to this change, and the above-mentioned principle may be excluded in specific fields for satisfying the special legislative policy.

关 键 词：多数人之债 连带之债 按份之债 推定规则 

分 类 号：D923.3[政治法律—民商法学]