再论吴简“二年常限”田的含义  

A Rediscussion on the Meaning of"Er Nian Chang Xian"(二年常限)Field in Zoumalou Bamboo Slips

作　　者：王承乾 晋文[2] WANG Cheng-qian;JIN Wen(College of Philosophy,Nankai University,Tianjin 300350;Department of History,Nanjing Normal University,Nanjing 210097)

机构地区：[1]南开大学哲学院,天津300350 [2]南京师范大学历史系,江苏南京210097

出　　处：《中国农史》2022年第2期58-66,共9页Agricultural History of China

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大项目“秦汉三国简牍经济史料汇编与研究”(19ZDA196);国家社会科学基金重大委托项目“中华思想通史”(20@ZH026)。

摘　　要：对走马楼吴简“二年常限”田的含义,已有解读可分为租佃年限说、嘉禾二年说及“二年一垦”说。根据简文和传世文献考辨,嘉禾二年说或“二年一垦”说均难以成立,“二年”当为租佃年限。“二年常限”田就是在嘉禾四、五年间按固定的数额或标准缴纳米、钱和布的国有土地。其中“旱田”可定义为因缺乏灌溉等条件被人为划定的低产田,而“熟田”可定义为因具备一定的灌溉等条件被人为划定的高产田。在熟田中又有租田与税田之分,租田每亩纳米0.585斛,或0.586斛,税田每亩纳米1.2斛,并有着多样化的耕种者身份。这表明“二年常限”田是国有土地高度发展的产物,也是孙吴加强对劳动者人身控制的手段和工具。"Er Nian Chang Xian" field in Zoumalou Bamboo Slips can be explained as fixed number of years of the tenancy, second year of Jiahe and“two years of reclamation once”. According to unearthed slips and historical documents, second year of Jiahe or "two years of reclamation once" point of view are questionable, "Er Nian" refers to the number of years of the tenancy. In the fourth and fifth years of Jiahe, the state-owned land that paid rice, money and cloth in accordance with a fixed amount was the "Er Nian Chang Xian" field. "Han Tian" can be defined as artificially designated low-yield land due to lack of irrigation and other conditions, while "Shu Tian" can be defined as artificially designated high-yield land due to certain irrigation and other conditions. "Shu Tian" can be divided into rent land and tax land. Rent land paid 0.585 or 0.586 Hu rice per mu, tax land paid 1.2 Hu rice per mu, and had diversified cultivator status. This shows that the "Er Nian Chang Xian" field was the result of the high development of state-owned land, but also the means and tools of the kingdom of Wu to strengthen the personal control over workers.

关 键 词：走马楼吴简 二年常限 旱田 熟田 租税 

分 类 号：S-09[农业科学] K207[历史地理—历史学]