望而知之:“气色”概念史中的语义变迁与医学思想  

Knowing by Seeing:Semantic Changes and Medical Thought in the Conceptual History of“Qi Se”

作　　者：姜姗 张大庆[2] JIANG Shan;ZHANG Daqing(School of Medical Humanities, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China;School of Health Humanities, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China)

机构地区：[1]北京协和医学院人文和社会科学学院,北京100730 [2]北京大学医学人文学院,北京100191

出　　处：《自然科学史研究》2022年第1期32-49,共18页Studies in The History of Natural Sciences

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大项目(项目编号18ZDA175)。

摘　　要：“气色”在当代汉语中常用于代指人脸上反映的身心健康或疾病状态,但对于“气色”为何有此用法,以及为何选用“气色”来代指此类语义的原因尚不明确。文章旨在考察“气色”概念的历史,从语言与医学思想两个视点出发,基于古代医学文献,以及两种汉语古今语料库,回溯“气”与“色”的独立本义,追寻其内涵来源;在古代医籍文本中,探讨了“气色”和身心健康、生命现象等关联的过程,及其在望诊中的运用;通过对古代非医文献中有关“气色”的语料统计和分析,明确古代汉语中“气色”的7种不同义项,证明了在现代汉语中其含义缩减的发展基础;最后基于现代汉语的语料,呈现其语义脱落和缩减的最终过程,并就“气色”概念史中的几个关键转折节点和成因进行深入分析,阐明其中源自语言发展规律、社会思想文化变迁的影响与动力。In modern Chinese language,“qi se”(气色,complexion)refers to the signs exhibited on the face that imply the person's internal health condition.However,it's difficult to explain why this term was given this significance.Therefore,from the viewpoint of conceptual history,this research aims at explaining this phenomenon based on the perspectives of linguistics and medical thought through analysis of ancient medical literature,as well as databases of premodern and modern Chinese materials(Erudition and CCL).The meaning of the two morphemes“qi”(气,qi)and“se”(色,colour)implies the origin of their later relevance to medicine.By tracing back the use of“qi se”in premodern medical literature,we illustrate the process of how the term became related to medical thought and its linguistic function in inspection diagnosis(wang-diagnosis).In terms of non-medical premodern documents,the research extracts 7 different meanings of the term.By using statistical methods,we have found the historical foundation of its later semantic shrink.Finally,it presents the final process of its semantic shedding and reduction,and an in-depth analysis of several key turning points and causes in the history of the concept of“qi se”,and clarifies that it is derived from the laws of language development and changes in social thought and culture.

关 键 词：气色 概念史 中医史 望诊 汉语词汇学 语料库 

分 类 号：N092[自然科学总论—科学技术哲学]