清代八旗佐领印轴考论——兼谈印轴称谓问题和清代的“执照”  

Niru’s Sealed Scrolls of the Eight Banners in the Qing Dynasty:Terms of Address and“Certification”

作　　者：张春阳 ZHANG Chunyang(School of History and Culture,Minzu University of China)

机构地区：[1]中央民族大学历史文化学院,北京100081

出　　处：《清史研究》2022年第3期44-53,共10页The Qing History Journal

摘　　要：清中期为解决八旗佐领袭职过程中屡奏不绝的争讼现象,统治者依据佐领根由册、袭职家谱及实录、无圈点档等制作了数以千计的佐领印轴和族长印轴,作为其身份凭证及佐领出缺拣放时拟正陪得分的依据。佐领印轴由工部制轴、兵部缮写并钤印后,交佐领本人收执,只有在新佐领拣放和佐领更名等情况下需要添写或修改时才交有司临时保管。佐领印轴除载有各佐领之根源,关于族众的祖籍、姓氏、职任、驻防等信息亦甚完备,因而具有极高的史料价值。该类文书从产生之日起便被称作“印轴”,将满文印轴的名称译作“执照”是值得商榷的。To resolve continuous disputes in the process of succession in the niru of the Eight Banners,the rulers of Qing court made thousands of sealed scrolls for the leaders of niru and their clans that were based on the niru leadership’s“proof of origin”,hereditary pedigree,yargiyan kooli bithe and Manchu files.These scrolls served as identity certificates and the basis for official succession during the middle period of the Qing dynasty.As a kind of certificate that was kept permanently,the Board of Works made the niru scroll,the Board of War copied and compiled the scrolls,and handed them over to the nirui janggin to keep.The scroll was only temporarily kept by the relevant official institutions when it needed additions or modifications under the circumstances of new appointments of nirui janggin or the niru’s renaming.In addition to containing the genealogical origins of each niru,the niru’s sealed scroll also had complete information of the ancestral home,surname,official position,as well as the garrison.Thus,these scrolls are of great historical value.This kind of document has been called sealed scrolls since its appearance.But it is debatable to translate sealed scrolls as“zhizhao”(执照)in Chinese.

关 键 词：满文印轴 八旗 佐领 执照 

分 类 号：K249[历史地理—历史学]