我国三大产业的要素错配与效率损失  

Factor Mismatches and Efficiency Losses in China's Three Major Industries

作　　者：黄娅娜[1] HUANG Ya-na

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院工业经济研究所

出　　处：《产经评论》2022年第2期86-98,共13页Industrial Economic Review

基　　金：国家社会科学基金项目“消费需求引导企业创新研究”(项目编号:19CJY030,项目负责人:黄娅娜);中国社会科学院智库基础研究课题“新时期制造业要素供给保障及配置优化”。

摘　　要：要素错配是各行业潜在产能未能很好发挥的重要原因,影响产业效率的提升和整个经济的增长。利用2003-2018年我国省级产业面板数据测算资本和劳动要素的错配,估计由此导致的产出效率损失。结果表明:(1)我国三大产业存在明显的资本和劳动要素错配情况,第一产业资本投入和劳动投入均严重不足;第二产业资本投入严重过剩,劳动投入稍显不足;第三产业的资本和劳动配置从早年的“重资本、轻劳动”逐渐改观,目前基本处于较为均衡的配置情况。(2)资本和劳动要素错配导致了实际产出效率损失,近二十年来,第三产业从高于有效产出40%下降至基本相当,第二产业从低于有效产出20%到基本相当,但第一产业的产出缺口仍然较大。The mismatch of factors is an important reason for the failure of potential production capacity in various industries,which affects the improvement of industrial efficiency and the growth of the entire economy.This paper uses the provincial industry panel data from 2003 to 2018 to measure the mismatch of capital and labor factors,and estimate the resulting loss of output efficiency.Research shows that:(1)There is an obvious mismatch between capital and labor factors in my country's three major industries.The primary industry's capital input and labor input are seriously insufficient,the secondary industry's capital input is severely surplus,and the labor input is slightly insufficient.The allocation of capital and labor in China has gradually changed from the early“employment of capital and less labor”,and is now basically in a more balanced allocation situation.(2)The mismatch of capital and labor factors has led to the loss of actual output efficiency.In the past two decades,the tertiary industry has dropped from 40%above the effective output to basically the same,and the secondary industry has gone from less than 20%of the effective output to 20%.Basically the same,but the output gap in the primary industry is still relatively large.

关 键 词：三大产业 全要素生产率 要素错配 产出缺口 效率损失 

分 类 号：F062.9[经济管理—政治经济学]